Abordagens

Community Organizations and Mobilization for Soil and Water Conservation Work (COM-SWC) [Etiópia]

Mass Mobilization (English) or aferna wuha tibeka zemecha (Amharic)

approaches_2495 - Etiópia

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1. Informação geral

1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da abordagem

Pessoa(s) capacitada(s)

Especialista em GST:

Gizaw Desta Gessesse

Especialista em GST:

Melese Bekure

WLRC

Etiópia

Especialista em GST:

Endashaw Aytenew

aytenewendeshaw@yahoo.com'

BoA/Amhara

Etiópia

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/avaliação da Abordagem (se relevante)
Water and Land Resource Centre (WLRC) - Etiópia
Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/avaliação da Abordagem (se relevante)
BoA - Amhara national regional state agriculutral bureau (BoA/Amhara) - Etiópia

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

O compilador e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através do WOCAT:

Sim

1.4 Referência ao(s) questionário(s) sobre tecnologias da GST

Vegetated graded soil bund
technologies

Vegetated graded soil bund [Etiópia]

Vegetated graded soil bund is a soil conservation practice meant for cultivated lands and constructed by excavating graded channel on upper side and develop embankment on lower side which is planted with grass or shrub species in order to control soil erosion and drain excess runoff implemented through community mobilization.

  • Compilador/a: Gizaw Desta Gessesse
Gully erosion management
technologies

Gully erosion management [Etiópia]

Gully erosion management is the application of combination of practices to control excess or concentrated runoff generation in the gully upstream catchment area, divert excess runoff upstream of gully heads and control further development of gully using appropriate structural and vegetative measures in the head, bed and sides of the …

  • Compilador/a: Gizaw Desta Gessesse
Rehabilitation of Degraded Lands ( Area closure)
technologies

Rehabilitation of Degraded Lands ( Area closure) [Etiópia]

Closing the degraded land to let it to regenerate by excluding human and animal interference ans speed up the regeneration process by applying some SWC activities and undertake enrichment plantation.

  • Compilador/a: Unknown User

2. Descrição da abordagem de GST

2.1 Descrição curta da abordagem

Community mobilization for soil and water conservation work in a watershed planning unit is an approach for collective action by organizing all active labor forces living in the kebele/peasant association into development group of 20-30 members and further divide into 1:5 work force to implement construction of soil and water conservation measures, and implementing improved crop production technologies.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da abordagem

Descrição detalhada da abordagem:

Aims / objectives: The objective of this approach is to facilitate and motivate active participation of capable labor forces of the community for constructing soil and water conservation at watershed level for a period of 40-60 days starting from January every year

Methods: At preparation stage, identification of total labor forces and organizing into development groups (20-30 members) and 1:5 work force (6 members) and provision of awareness creation and training activities are carried out. At implementation stage, in reference to the plan, layout of the total physical structures are marked on the ground using line level survey tools. Based on established work norm, Development agents handover the quantity of work plan to all development groups. The development group leader again redistribute the same plan to 1:5 work force proportional to the number of active forces available in it. In principle, all active work forces equally share the work plan. Still, there is division of labor within team and between men and women. Men & women have different work norms. At completion of daily plan, each development group check the quality standard and development agents again take over the constructed structures from Development groups whenever structures meet quality standard as per design and layout. At completion of all watershed development work, development agents transferred the developed watershed to watershed committee in order to handle regulatory functions.
Monitoring and evaluation at implementation stage is clearly defined where 1:5 work team report daily physical work accomplished and number of members involved to the development group while Development group consolidate reports and pass to Development agent in the kebele and again the agent report to district agriculture office, then to zone agriculture office. Simultaneously, the 1:5 groups evaluate the work accomplished within a day and handover to development group which is then consolidated and passed to Development agents once in three days. The development agents summarized and presented to the Kebele command post (KCP) every week. The woreda experts together with District/Woreda command post member assigned in each cluster kebeles further consolidate the evaluation and report to woreda rural command post (WRDCP) and then the command post reflect on the evaluation and provide feed backs weekly to respective kebeles for follow up actio

Stages of implementation: 1. Planning: consulting community for selection of priority watershed, identify labor
2. Preparatory: mobilizing available labor force, hand tools, training,
3. Implementation: constructing planned physical structures
4. Monitoring and evaluation: checking quantity and quality of work done; supervision, field days
5. Sustainability: reinforcing physical structures with biological measures, formulating and enforcing bylaws, establishing user groups

Role of stakeholders: Land user: i) 1:5 work team: is responsible to implement the soil and water conservation work; ii) Development group: lead and evaluate the volume of work divided into the work teams within the group: iii) Watershed committee: is a legitimate body to develop watershed plan with the technical assistant from development agents and experts, as well as responsible for the management and equatable distribution of benefits obtained in the developed watershed.
Development agent: responsible for planning, technical support, training, supervision
Decision makers: The rural Command post, an adhoc formed at kebele, woreda, zone and region level and responsible for the supervision, control and oversight the overall watershed development activities. Sectors such as land use and administration, road authority, water resources, women and youths offices involved as member of command post to ensure integrity of sectors in the watershed development
Research: Research Institutes involved to introduce technologies, assess and evaluate performance of the approaches and technologies applied
NGOs: involved to support trainings, ad

2.3 Fotos da abordagem

Galeria de Mídias

2.5 País/região/locais onde a abordagem foi aplicada

País:

Etiópia

Região/Estado/Província:

Amhara region

Especificação adicional de localização:

BahirDar Zuria, Dembecha, Mecha, Yilmna Densa, DessieZuria

2.6 Datas de início e término da abordagem

Indique o ano de início:

2010

2.7 Tipo de abordagem

  • It is a government initiative reinstitutionalized since 2010

2.8 Principais metas/objetivos da abordagem

The Approach focused mainly on SLM with other activities (Plantation of biological conservation measures, application of improved crop and livestock production packages, agricultural implements)

The main objectives of community mobilization is to motivate farming community to take self responsibility to do soil conservation and involve them in public soil conservation work in order to address the problem of land degradation

The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: The main problems targeted to address by the approach are: growing challenges of land degradation and soil erosion; lack of commitment and ownership of soil conservation by farmers; lack of technical knowledge for implementing soil conservation

2.9 Condição que propiciam ou inibem a implementação de tecnologia/tecnologias aplicada(s) segundo a abordagem

Normas e valores sociais/culturais/religiosos
  • Inibitivo

Lack of agreement among farmers to do common runoff drainage structures.
Lack of commitment and motivation of land users to do soil conservation on their lands.
Free grazing challenge that lead to unsustainable soil conservation.

Treatment through the SLM Approach: The approach allows to follow watershed principles to integrate different soil conservation measures that safely drain excess runoff.
It also creates awareness and trust building measures and apply public labor to implement SLM technologies. Bylaws are formulated and enforcement mechanisms are arranged through watershed committees to control free grazing

Disponibilidade/acesso a recursos e serviços financeiros
  • Inibitivo

High labor cost to construct physical soil conservation measures;
High initial investment to rehabilitate gullies and plant seedling materials;
Lack of credit service for soil conservation investment.

Treatment through the SLM Approach: The government provide hand tools and supply seeds or seedlings to implement biological measures on bunds, gullies, and area closures

Quadro institucional
  • Inibitivo

There are no local institutions/ community based organizations that capable to lead watershed implementation, manage developed watersheds, control and regulate free grazing and benefit sharing generated from communal land resources

Treatment through the SLM Approach: The approach attempts to establish legal body called watershed users association as a legal institution to administer developed watersheds and regulate the utilization of benefits on communal land resources.
Community based organizations such as development group and 1:5 work force are established for enhancing soil conservation implementations

Quadro jurídico (posse de terra, direitos de uso da terra e da água)
  • Inibitivo

Restricted individual ownership or use right to do long term investment
Open access to communal land resources

Treatment through the SLM Approach: The approach enables to provide group use rights for the benefits such as fodder, hay and tree generated on communal land resources upon agreement through establishing user groups. It suggested to formalize the watershed users association at local level as a legal body to administer and regulate the developed watersheds, benefit sharing mechanisms and control of free grazing

The existing land ownership, land use rights / water rights moderately hindered the approach implementation There is no either individual or group entitlement of use rights for communal lands where communal grazing is taking place. Since there is culture of open grazing (animals allowed to graze freely) and pasture lands are communally used, this tradition affects the sustainability of the approach. Although there are community bylaws attempted to be enforced by watershed committees, farmers not yet fully practice cut and carry system of grazing.

Conhecimento sobre GST, acesso a suporte técnico
  • Inibitivo

Lack of technical knowledge of farmers and local level organizations

Treatment through the SLM Approach: The approach provides overall technical support in terms of awareness creation, initial training, on job service support and supervision. It provides practical training for surveyor farmers.

Carga de trabalho, disponibilidade de força de trabalho
  • Inibitivo

There is high workload requirement to implement soil conservation

Treatment through the SLM Approach: The approach addresses the workload problem through mobilizing public labor

3. Participação e papel das partes interessadas envolvidas

3.1 Partes interessadas envolvidas na abordagem e seus papéis

  • Usuários de terra/comunidades locais

Implementation of soil conservation work is fully handled by the community. The land users who contribute active labor forces engage in the implementation whereas all land users are involved in different activities depending on their capacity.
The land users are organized into development groups (20-30 members) and further into 1:5 teams (6 members). The role of men and women varies from location to location depending on the culture and social context. In some districts women have equal contribution, in others do less work than men. Sometimes, they have separate 1:5 team. Women have many roles and spend more time at home to prepare foods and look after children. They have less time to engage in the construction of soil conservation work. The approach suggests equal contribution and similar work norm for men and women and work together within the team. However, during implementation there is division of labor where men do the laborious activities and women assist them in bringing stones and maintaining the quality of structures. More over, there is less turn out of women than men. Roles of women at home are overlooked. The approach designed to engage all member of community in the public soil conservation work. Elders have role to play by taking care of animals and villages while active labor forces implement soil conservation. Youths and landless have involved with the expectation that they will have share of benefits from developed and protected communal resources. However, all are not equally engaged as those who depend on daily wage are not forced to spend the whole period in the soil conservation work

  • Especialistas em GST/ consultor agrícola

They are involvde in the planning, support and supervision of the implementation, monitoring and evaluating the implementation

  • Professores/alunos/estudantes

They are not actively involved but participate during the starting ceremony

  • Governo local

The local government is fully involved in the planning process and in the implementation by providing technical support, monitoring, and supervision

  • Governo nacional (planejadores, responsáveis pelas decisões)

The government is responsible for strategic planning, supervision and control of the implementation, and monitoring and evaluation. They do the strategic plan at higher level.
They are involved in the supervision and monitoring and evaluation as member of the command post

3.2 Envolvimento do usuários de terra/comunidades locais nas diferentes fases da abordagem
Envolvimento do usuários de terra/comunidades locais Especifique quem estava envolvido e descreva as atividades
Iniciação/motivação Passivo The primary initiation is coming from the government to combat land degradation issue in the highlands of the country. The land users have little involvement in the initiation however kebele leaders are involved in the initial phases together with the decision makers at district level.
Planejamento Passivo The planning is from top to down. The tentative plan based on the Growth and Transformation Plan and previous achievements trickled down to region, zone and districts. The lower level check the plan within watershed contexts and submit to higher level planning units. Finally, the higher level planners/specialists develop more ambitious technology plan and later land users are consulted only for the implementation. However, land users are involved in selection of the watershed to be developped.
Implementação Participativo Land users are actively involved to construct or implement planned soil conservation works through their organizational setup (development groups and 1:5 work force). They do implementation with technical support and guidance from the development agents and agricultural experts. On the other hand, the decision makers through the rural command post supervise and monitor weekly implementation and send feedback for immediate actions.
Monitoramento/avaliação Participativo Land users particularly those who are leaders of the development group and the members of the watershed committee are involved in the day to day supervision, monitoring and quality control of the implementation together with development agents. The main actors for monitoring and evaluation are the technical experts at district, zonal and regional levels as well as the command post members at kebele, district, zonal and regional levels
Research Participativo Land users are involved in research problem identification, participatory technology selection process, and scale up of research technologies.

3.3 Fluxograma (se disponível)

Descrição:

The organizational chart depicts main actors involved in planning, implementation and supervision as well as monitoring and evaluation stages at different level of the government structure. The agriculture sector is the lead responsible sector to plan and implement the approach with technical and financial support from research, NGOs and projects. The approach involves different related sectors through the setup of Command Post in order to support the community organization and mobilization and facilitate integrity and synergy across different rural sectoral activities in watershed development. The main implementing bodies are the district agriculture office through the development agents, local community organizations at Kebele level with direct support, guidance and supervision by the district office of agriculture.

Autor:

Sketched by the main contributing author (WLRC, P.O.Box 8707, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia)

3.4 Decisão sobre a seleção de tecnologia/tecnologias de GST

Foram tomadas decisões quanto à seleção de tecnologia(s):
  • Mainly by SLM specialists
Explique:

The planning of SLM technology made by experts and later land users are consulted through public meeting. The experts select technologies by doing analysis of the soil, land use and slope conditions of the watersheds. There is no individual based consultation or the land users do not participate in the choice of technologies.

Decisions on the method of implementing the SLM Technology were made by By SLM specialists . The land users are asked to contribute their labor for implementing the technology through their local organizations (kebele adminstration, development group, 1:5 work force). They do not decide on the method of implementation of technologies.

4. Suporte técnico, reforço das capacidades e gestão do conhecimento

4.1 Reforço das capacidades/formação

Foi oferecida formação aos usuários da terra/outras partes interessadas?

Sim

Especifique quem foi capacitado:
  • Usuários de terra
  • Equipe de campo/consultores
  • decision makers at district and zonal levels
Tipo de formação:
  • Em exercício
  • Agricultor para agricultor
  • Áreas de demonstração
  • Reuniões públicas
  • Cursos
Assuntos abordados:

Land degradation problems and consequences, natural resources conservation and community mobilization for leaders of development groups and kebele leaders. The training for farmer surveyors is focused on how to measure slope, vertical interval, aligning contours for layout of soil conservation structures and waterways. The experts at different levels and field staffs get an in depth training about the selection, layout and design of soil conservation structures.

4.2 Serviço de consultoria

Os usuários de terra têm acesso a um serviço de consultoria?

Sim

Especifique se foi oferecido serviço de consultoria:
  • Em centros permanentes
Descreva/comentários:

Name of method used for advisory service: Participatory Demonstration and Training System (PADETS); Key elements: Training and awareness creation, Demonstrations in the Farmer Training Centers (FTC) and experience visits, On the job training; The method give high emphasis to training and to some extent practical demonstrations complemented with experience sharing visits. The participation of land users is not active enough, it is rather of consultative nature.

Advisory service is inadequate to ensure the continuation of land conservation activities; It needs strongefforts to build the capacity of the community to empower them, and establish a powerful system to have continuous supply of improved agricultural technologies and value chain system that help to improve productivity per unit of land. Further more, if the newly created Watershed Users Associations function well, it would be adequate to regulate and sustain land conservation and watershed management using a community mobilization approach.

4.3 Fortalecimento da instituição (desenvolvimento organizacional)

As instituições foram fortalecidas ou estabelecidas através da abordagem?
  • Sim, moderadamente
Especifique a que nível (níveis) as instituições foram fortalecidas ou estabelecidas:
  • Local
Especifique o tipo de apoio:
  • Reforço das capacidades/formação
Dê mais detalhes:

The local institutions like the watershed committee/watershed users association, Farmer Training Centers and Farmer-Research-Extension-Group are supported by training and experience sharing visits.

4.4 Monitoramento e avaliação

Monitoramento e avaliação são partes da abordagem?

Sim

Comentários:

bio-physical aspects were ad hoc monitored by project staff, government, land users through observations; indicators: Area coverage, design/layout quality, land cover

bio-physical aspects were regular monitored by project staff through measurements; indicators: Growth, biomass/productivity, regeneration

technical aspects were regular monitored by project staff, government, land users through observations; indicators: Spacing, integrity of structures

socio-cultural aspects were ad hoc monitored by project staff through observations; indicators: Conflict, user groups, benefit sharing, perceptions

economic / production aspects were regular monitored by project staff through measurements; indicators: Weigth gain of animals, productivity of crops, income and livelihood

area treated aspects were ad hoc monitored by project staff, government, land users through observations; indicators: Area covered, type and quality of technology

area treated aspects were regular monitored by project staff, government through measurements; indicators: Area covered, type of technology

no. of land users involved aspects were regular monitored by project staff, government, land users through measurements; indicators: daily work force/attendants, gender

management of Approach aspects were regular monitored by project staff, government, land users through observations; indicators: Role of actors, encountered problems, actions taken

There were several changes in the Approach as a result of monitoring and evaluation: Monitoring and evaluation leads to changes in order to ensure effectiveness. It is flexible to modify some of the elements of the approach although the core steps or procedures are not changed. Limitations are observed on the technical and leadership capacities and passive participation of land users. The main role of the monitoring and evaluation is thus to identify the limitations and problems encountered so that immediate corrections can be made such as changing the ad hoc leadership, provide on the job training, motivating passive ones or sanction those who violate bylaws.

There were several changes in the Technology as a result of monitoring and evaluation: Since the planning is not adequate enough to capture the real biophysical conditions and socio-cultural settings, the selection of SLM technologies may fail to fit selected watersheds. With the help of specialists who are monitoring and supporting on the job services, the SLM technologies are subjected to change. Close interactions and discussions may change the SLM technology plan.

4.5 Pesquisa

A pesquisa foi parte da abordagem?

Sim

Especifique os tópicos:
  • Ecologia
  • Tecnologia
Dê mais detalhes e indique quem realizou a pesquisa:

Research is part of the approach. The SLM technologies are complemented with improved package of agricultural practices like improved crop and horticultural varieties, forage species, tree species, agricultural implements through demonstrations and scale up activities. Monitoring and evaluation of ecological and socio-economic performances and impacts of the SLM technologies and agricultural practices are the roles of research.

Research was carried out on-farm

5. Financiamento e apoio material externo

5.1 Orçamento anual para o componente de GST da abordagem

Comentários (p. ex. principais fontes de recursos/principais doadores):

Approach costs were met by the following donors: local government (district, county, municipality, village etc) (The government contributes to material, technical and supervision support): 36.0%; local community / land user(s) (All the labor requirement meet by the community): 64.0%

5.2 Apoio financeiro/material concedido aos usuários da terra

Os usuários da terra receberam apoio financeiro/material para a implementação de tecnologia/tecnologias?

Sim

Caso afirmativo, especifique tipo(s) de apoio, condições e fornecedor(es):

The inputs like seedlings for biological measures planted on structural soil conservation measures, gullies and degraded lands, and gabions for constructing gully check dams are provided by the government

5.3 Subsídios para entradas específicas (incluindo mão-de-obra)

  • Equipamento
Especifique quais entradas foram subsidiadas Em que medida Especifique os subsídios
Ferramentas Parcialmente financiado hand tools for construction
  • Agrícola
Especifique quais entradas foram subsidiadas Em que medida Especifique os subsídios
Totalmente financiado
Seedlings Totalmente financiado Seedlings (trees, forage grasses, shrubs, fruits)
  • Construção
Especifique quais entradas foram subsidiadas Em que medida Especifique os subsídios
Gabions Totalmente financiado For check dams
Comentários:

The land users contribute voluntary labor for the construction of SLM measures through their local organizations.

5.4 Crédito

Foi concedido crédito segundo a abordagem para atividades de GST?

Não

6. Análise de impactos e declarações finais

6.1 Impactos da abordagem

A abordagem auxiliou os usuários da terra a implementar e manter as tecnologias de GST?
  • Não
  • Sim, pouco
  • Sim, moderadamente
  • Sim, significativamente

The approach first of all help to develop integrated natural resources management in order to mitigate on site soil erosion and land degradation and improve soil moisture and biomass (crop and forage) productivity. It also helps to increase level of awareness of land users to control free grazing, protect communal resources and share benefits out of it. It also gradually enhances ecosystem services by increasing the amount and duration of flow of streams

A abordagem concedeu autonomia aos grupos social e economicamente desfavorecidos?
  • Não
  • Sim, pouco
  • Sim, moderadamente
  • Sim, significativamente

Interventions like production of improved energy saving stoves, production of improved breeds of poultry and sheep, and apiary targeted to improve the livelihood of specifically women and youths who are landless. Youths are organized into groups to provide services such as production of energy saving stoves and operation of threshing and tillage activities

A abordagem melhorou as questões de posse de terra/diretos do usuário que inibiam a implementação das tecnologias de GST?
  • Não
  • Sim, pouco
  • Sim, moderadamente
  • Sim, significativamente

For example, forage development intervention is the main component of SLM technologies. Thus, the approach helps to reduce the problem of free grazing by implementing forage development interventions on backyards, area closures, gullies, bunds and intensive forage production. In addition, community agreed bylaws are designed although there is still inadequacy in enforcing bylaws.

Did other land users / projects adopt the Approach?
  • Não
  • Sim, pouco
  • Sim, moderadamente
  • Sim, significativamente

The approach practiced uniformly throughout the districts by the government although some districts have one year experience ahead. In fact there are differences in efficiency and effectiveness across districts.

Did the Approach lead to improved livelihoods / human well-being?
  • Não
  • Sim, pouco
  • Sim, moderadamente
  • Sim, significativamente

Using the approach, some land users who were involved in alternative livelihood options such as sheep rearing, apiary, fattening, and poultry production as well those who took part in the production of crops using improved varieties of potato, teff and wheat generate income and improve their livelihoods.

Did the Approach help to alleviate poverty?
  • Não
  • Sim, pouco
  • Sim, moderadamente
  • Sim, significativamente

Through increased productivity, creating employment and income generating activities the approach help to alleviate poverty in the medium and long term periods.

6.2 Principal motivação dos usuários da terra para implementar a GST

  • Produção aumentada

Increase productivity of their land

  • Carga de trabalho reduzida

Land users desire to implement SLM with external support to reduce workload by using comm. labor

  • Pagamentos/subsídios

Gain in kind support in the form of seeds and seedlings, and agricultural technologies

  • normas e regulamentos (multas)/aplicação

Maximize benefits through equitable share of resources from area closures and reduce conflicts

  • well-being and livelihoods improvement

Improve livelihood by introducing improved crop and livestock technologies, and alternative options

6.3 Atividades de sustentabilidade de abordagem

Os usuários da terra podem manter o que foi implementado através da abordagem (sem apoio externo)?
  • Sim
Caso afirmativo, descreva como:

Experience from last three years implementation of the approach indicates that land users can moderately sustain approach activities without support. However, this can be maximized if further technical support is given for land users to continue the curent motivation and commitment; facilitate group actions through well functioning organizational setups by strengthening watershed users' associations; and empowering land users to do soil conservation by their own.

6.4 Pontos fortes/vantagens da abordagem

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
It supports forage and horticulture seedling material.
Introduce benefit sharing in the form of forage legumes and grasses from area closures and gullies for those who have no access to common resources.
Introduce improved agricultural production technologies like varieties, breeds, implements for plowing, harvesting and threshing.
Change waste lands into productive land. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: The land users has to be motivated to establish private nursery to meet their own plantation demand.
Strength scale up of technologies to wider areas.
Establish farmer to farmer seed/ technology exchange.
Establish and strengthen mechanization users groups or service providers.
Enhance homestead development with alternative livelihood options.
Change waste lands and gullies into productive land by producing fruits and timbers.
)
Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do compilador ou de outra pessoa capacitada
The approach help to further strengthen those innovative farmers and make aware of natural resources conservation.
Introduce use rights on common resources after watershed development.
Start to develop bylaws to control free grazing.
Establish legal watershed institution - watershed users' association.
Treats more degraded and erosion sensitive areas in short period.
It enhances awareness and participation of political leaders/decision makers and land users on land degradation and its consequences.
Enhance on-site and to some extent off-site ecological services. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Build the capacity of land users.
Establish strong watershed organizations and enhance its capacity to regulate and enforce rules.
Establish strong planning and regulatory functions of the government.

)

6.5 Pontos fracos, desvantagens da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra Como eles podem ser superados?
Overlapping of different agricultural activities (threshing and irrigation) during the period of SWC public work which limit land users' participation.
Limitation to implement cut and carry system of grazing without intensive forage development interventions by all land users. 		Context specific public SWC work need to be agreed by land users.
Further discussion with community and possible options has to be taken place to implement cut and carry system of grazing in watersheds.
Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do compilador ou de outra pessoa capacitada Como eles podem ser superados?
Less involvement of land users in decision making at different stages.
Technology selection process has to be supported with realistic local data related to biophysical and social conditions of watersheds.
Lack strong performance/impact monitoring and evaluation of the developed watersheds after implementation.
Inadequate support of watershed committee by higher level units (like courts) to enforce agreed bylaws.
Inadequate economic interventions as compared to biophysical interventions. 		Mechanisms like Watershed associations need to be strengthened to increase the level of participation of land users in decision making during planning.
Watershed assessment data has to be used for improved planning.
Establish an evaluation guideline to evaluate performance.
The newly established watershed organization or association has to be considered as a legitimate body to administer and regulate the watersheds.
The support of research to introduce technologies has to be strengthened and started equally with the biophysical interventions during watershed development stages.

7. Referências e links

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação

  • visitas de campo, pesquisas de campo
  • entrevistas com usuários de terras

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Abera Wondafrash, Belayneh Ayele, Getachew Engidayehu, Girmachew Siraw, Gizaw Desta, Leulsegged Kasa, Mesfin Legesse, Selamyihun Kidanu, Wale Jemberu, Yared Zegeye, Zerihun Nigussie (2012).ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT WORKS THROUGH PUBLIC MOBILIZATION IN AMHARA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA

Disponível de onde? Custos?

Unpublished report

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Annual reports of BOA in Amhara (unpublished)

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