1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Book project: where people and their land are safer - A Compendium of Good Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) (where people and their land are safer)

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Swiss Red Cross (Swiss Red Cross) - Suíça

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

04/10/2016

O compilador e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através do WOCAT:

Sim

1.4 Declaração de sustentabilidade da tecnologia descrita

A tecnologia descrita aqui é problemática em relação a degradação da terra de forma que não pode ser declarada uma tecnologia de gestão sustentável de terra?

Não

Comentários:

The technology presented has no direct bearing on land degradation.

1.5 Referência ao(s) questionário(s) sobre as abordagens da GST

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Emergency infrastructure, shelter and access, consists in establishing flood shelters (for people and animals) including flood-proof collective water sources and communication infrastructure as well as health and school facilities cum emergency shelters. The infrastructure is adapted to the specific context of the ‘Char’ land in Bangladesh. Together with improved flood related forecasting measures this allows for a relatively safe and healthy living and has led to increased and timely land use, resulting in adapted livelihoods, reduced health costs and increased income.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

The technology applies to the specific context of the ‘char’ land, characterised as riverine sandy island. More than 80% of the land in the intervention area can be classified as Char and is inhabited by 60% of the population served by the project. Every year, especially during floods, the rivers deposit huge amount of silt sediment that makes the land fertile. At the same time, river action washes away some portion of the char which at times can be quite large and has a strong impact on people's lives and livelihoods. The char land is furthermore characterised by its lack of public infrastructure and remoteness to public services.

The technology is applied largely in relation to human environment. It consists of setting up an emergency infrastructure and ensuring access during times of crises/hazards. It has to be understood in close interrelation with approach of setting up an early warning system (for a description of the related approach, see reference in section 1.5 above). The emergency infrastructure includes flood shelters (for people and animals), flood-proof collective water sources and sanitation systems, communication infrastructure such as foot bridges and elevated rural roads, as well as flood-proof health and school facilities that also serve as emergency shelters during hazards. The purpose of the technology is to ensure safety of life and protection of assets during times of emergency and also to mitigate sufferings related to floods. The major activities include facilitating the development of community-led risk reduction action plans and their implementation through community participation and engagement of local governance institutions. This includes maintenance of the built infrastructure as the joint responsibility of the community and the local government.

Land use, especially sowing and harvesting, is increasingly linked to flood related forecasting measures which has led to significant adaptation in the timing of farming activities. This coupled with the creation and access to emergency infrastructure allows for a relatively safe and healthy living. The adopted technology and approach has led to adapted livelihoods, reduced health costs and increased income. The technology has furthermore led to mainstreaming disaster risk management in policies and approach of local government institutions. Increasingly the local goverment’s cash and food for work programmes are targeting establishment and/or reinforcement of emergency infrastructure that can cater to larger population. Increased investments are made especially towards flood shelters and improving communication and access to emergency infrastructure. Since the technology is based on local knowledge and has been developed in consultation with the involved communities, it is generally well accepted with a fair degree of ownership and involvement. However, parts of the region are also prone to river erosion and this has a destructive impact on built infrastructures. The technology does not assure any safeguard against this form of uncertain river action.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Indique o ano de implementação:

2014

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• menos de 10 anos atrás (recentemente)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• Como parte do sistema tradicional (>50 anos)
• através de projetos/intervenções externas

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

The technology has elements of traditional practice (raised plinths for flood protection) and project promoted interventions (emergency shelter and access infrastructure).

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Reduzir riscos de desastre
• Criar impacto econômico benéfico
• Cria impacto social benéfico

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Despite the lack of public infrastructure and services and being exposed to natural hazards people tend to prefer to live in the char as it brings significant economic benefits for them: crops grow rapidly and abundantly with significantly lower input costs than on the mainland.

Caso o uso da terra tenha mudado devido a implementação da tecnologia, indique seu uso anterior à implementação da tecnologia:

Before the intervention, people living on char land depended on their traditional early warning mechanisms and were frequently surprised by floods that destroyed their crops and put their lives in danger. Due to recurring floods, people didn’t have the means to improve their built environment.

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Misto de precipitação natural-irrigado

Comentários:

Water supply for the land comprises a mix of rainfed, irrigated and post flooding sources.

Número de estações de cultivo por ano:

• 3

Especifique:

Kharif (monsoon crop), Rabi (winter crop), and Summer/pre-monsoon crop

Densidade animal (se relevante):

Cow, buffalo, goat, lamb and donkey are very common in the area. People rear these for cultivation, transportation and for having meat. Every household have at least a pair or more of livestock.

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Solo/cobertura vegetal melhorada

• Emergency infrastructure, shelter and access

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Especifique a difusão da tecnologia:

• Uniformemente difundida numa área

Caso a tecnologia seja uniformemente difundida numa área, indique a área coberta aproximada:

• 1-10 km2

Comentários:

Though emergency infrastructures are built at specific sites, their use and benefits are evenly spread over an expanded area.

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

In addition to the structural and management measures described above, the technology involves additional elements such as flood-proof collective water supply and sanitation systems and communication infrastructure.

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Comentários:

NA

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

The built structural mitigation options have following technical specification:

1. School plinth: Dimension: Length-112' x Width-75' x Height- 5.5', plinth slope- 1:1.5, Capacity: 540 person, Construction material used: soil and turfing (grass)
2. Flood shelter: Dimension: Length-220' x Width-220' x Height- 5.5', plinth slope- 1:1.5, Capacity: 350 families, Construction material used: soil and turfing (grass)
3. Road construction/repair: Dimension: Length-925' x Width-12' x Height- 3' (from existing level), plinth slope- 1:1.5, Capacity: 3 villages (approx:1000 families), Construction material used: soil and turfing (grass).
4. Wooden bridge: Dimension: Length-60' x Width-7' x Height- 12', plinth slope- 1:1.5, Capacity: 600 families approximately, Construction material used: wood, nails, tar, soil and turfing
5. Community Resource Centre cum Community Clinic (CRC-CC): Dimension: Length-110' x Width-80' x Height- 5.6', slop- 1:1.5, (Building size: 100' x 18' x 10') Capacity: 2000 families in 5 village, Construction material used: soil and turfing (grass), bricks, sand, cement, rod, iron angel and CGI sheet.
6. Disaster resilient tube well: Dimension: Length-5' 10" x Width-5' x Height- 3', Boring:100 feet, Capacity: 200 families, Construction material used: bricks, sand, cement, rod, tube well head, pvc pipe, cylinder, piston rod etc. Vertical intervals: 2 in each village.
7. Tube well platform: Dimension: Length-4' 10" x Width-4' x Height- 1', Capacity: 100 families, Construction material used: bricks, sand, cement, pvc pipe

4.3 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Especifique como custos e entradas foram calculados:

• Por unidade de tecnologia

Outro/moeda nacional (especifique):

Bangladeshi Taka (BDT)

Indique a taxa cambial do dólar norte americano para a moeda local (se relevante): 1 USD =:

79,0

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	Raising school compound	Estrutural	During dry season
2.	Construction of Flood Shelter	Estrutural	During dry season
3.	Road construction above flood level	Estrutural	During dry season
4.	Construction of wooden bridge	Estrutural	During dry season
5.	Construction of Community Resource Center (CRC) house	Estrutural	During dry season
6.	Installation of disaster resilient (DRR) tube well	Estrutural	During dry season
7.	Construction of concrete platform of old tube well	Estrutural	During dry season

Comentários:

As can be seen that all the above activities are structural in nature and can be undertaken efficiently only in dry season.

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

Se possível, discrimine os custos de implantação de acordo com a seguinte tabela, especificando entradas e custos por entrada. Se não for possível, dê uma estimativa dos custos totais de implantação da tecnologia:

43064900,0

Se o usuário da terra arca com menos que 100% dos custos, indique quem cobre os custos remanescentes:

10% of all construction cost (except CRC) is borne by the user. Another 15% (approx) is provided by the local government bodies. Remaining 75% is subsidised by the project.

Comentários:

Defining costs of establishment is bit tricky as the establishments are not same in nature and also size and costs vary from one village to another depending on the geographical location. However, average unit costs of built assets are given below:

1. School plinth: average unit cost: 125,000BDT, Number of unit constructed:4, Total cost: 500,000 BDT
2. Flood shelter: average unit cost: 496,000BDT, Number of unit constructed:4, Total cost:1,488,000 BDT
3. Road construction/repair: average unit cost: 92,000BDT, Number of unit constructed:4, Total cost:20, 368,000 BDT
4. Wooden bridge: average unit cost: 85,000BDT, Number of unit constructed:4, Total cost: 340,000 BDT
5. Community Resource Centre cum Community Clinic (CRC-CC): average unit cost: 1,800,000BDT, Number of unit constructed:3, Total cost:5,400,000 BDT
6. Disaster resilient tube well: average unit cost: 30,000BDT, Number of unit constructed:53, Total cost:1,590,000 BDT
7. Tube well platform: average unit cost: 4,700BDT, Number of unit constructed:790, Total cost:3,713,000 BDT

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Raising school compound	Estrutural	During dry season
2.	Construction of Flood Shelter	Estrutural	During dry season
3.	Road construction above flood level	Estrutural	During dry season
4.	Construction of wooden bridge	Estrutural	During dry season
5.	Construction of Community Resource Center (CRC) house	Estrutural	During dry season
6.	Installation of disaster resilient (DRR) tube well	Estrutural	During dry season
7.	Construction of concrete platform of old tube well	Estrutural	During dry season

Comentários:

The user and local government (UDMC) are mainly responsible for maintenance of all built assets and structures including the CRC. The relevant operation/repair and maintenance training has been provided by the project.. Maintenance manuals and guidelines have been developed and disseminated. Also, repair and maintenance equipment has been provided to cadre of users/caretakers trained in repair/maintenance work.

4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

Se o usuário da terra arca com menos que 100% dos custos, indique quem cobre os custos remanescentes:

N/A

4.8 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

Transportation of raw material to sites varies across seasons. In the dry season it is much higher compared to monsoon as the delivery of material is easier in the latter due to extended river outreach.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Indique se a tecnologia é aplicada especificamente em:

• Não relevante

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a topografia:

Information on altitudinal zone collected from the website: www.getamap.net

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

N/A

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

A salinidade da água é um problema?

Não

Ocorre inundação da área?

Sim

Regularidade:

Frequentemente

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a qualidade e a quantidade da água:

In the dry season water crisis occurs. Open defecation and use of pesticide in farming are key pollutants of water sources.

5.5 Biodiversidade

Comentários e outras especificações sobre biodiversidade:

Biodiversity can be rated as moderate or medium both in terms of species and habitat. It is stable and and often self generating.

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

N/A

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Estado
• Indivíduo, não intitulado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Acesso livre (não organizado)
• Arrendado

Direitos do uso da água:

• Comunitário (organizado)
• Indivíduo

Comentários:

Land ownership is quite complex as Chars by nature are unstable habitats. In principle land is owned by state but in most cases the politician - musclemen nexus exercises real control. This results in leasing and renting of land which is the predominant form of land ownership in Chars.

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Clima e redução de riscos de desastre

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

Comentários relativos à avaliação de impacto:

N/A

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres meteorológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temporal local	moderadamente
Tempestade de areia/tempestade de poeira	bem
Tempestade de vento local	bem

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Onde de calor	bem
Onde de frio	bem
Seca	bem

Desastres hidrológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Inundação geral (rio)	bem
Deslizamento de terra	não bem

Comentários:

In some cases the appropriate answer would have been "not applicable" but since this is not there, we have selected "well".

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Comentários:

The limited returns that have been generated by the project is highly valued by the users from a cost - benefit perspective; especially when they understand that the project is not directly linked to land management practices. Thus, the indirect benefits are perceived to have high value.

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• mais que 50%

Se disponível, determine a quantidade (número de unidades familiares e/ou área abordada):

Out of a total of 8828 HHs targeted by the project, around five thousand HHs in three union have benefitted from the implementation of the technology.

Entre todos aqueles que adotaram a tecnologia, quantos adotaram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo material/pagamentos?

• 0-10%

6.6 Adaptação

A tecnologia foi recentemente modificada para adaptar-se as condições variáveis?

Sim

Caso afirmativo, indique as condições variáveis as quais ela foi adaptada:

• Disponibilidade de mão-de-obra (p. ex. devido à migração)

Especifique a adaptação da tecnologia (desenho, material/espécie, etc):

Dredging machine has been used for building some emergency infrastructure at few sites due to unavailability of labour at the time of construction.

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
- Emergency structures have a multipurpose use that includes community meeting, workshop and training - Expanded opportunities of communication during flood

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do compilador ou de outra pessoa capacitada
- Community is aware and driven to implement flood preparedness and risk reduction measures on its own - Appropriate measures can significantly change people's mindset and behaviour

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
- River erosion threatens built structures - High investment needed for building physical structures (e.g. CRC building) in the char which the local government and community find difficult to finance without external support.	- Careful site selection for construction work through in depth discussion with community people supported by scientific analysis - Install portable semi-permanent structures in the char - Lobby for greater decentralisation of finances to local government

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do compilador ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Latrine and Tube well maintenance manual, SRC-BDRCS-DASCOH

Disponível de onde? Custos?

SRC

7.3 Links para informação relevante que está disponível online

Título/ descrição:

N/A