1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Book project: where people and their land are safer - A Compendium of Good Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) (where people and their land are safer)

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Swiss Red Cross (Swiss Red Cross) - Suíça

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

O compilador e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através do WOCAT:

Sim

1.4 Declaração de sustentabilidade da tecnologia descrita

A tecnologia descrita aqui é problemática em relação a degradação da terra de forma que não pode ser declarada uma tecnologia de gestão sustentável de terra?

Não

Comentários:

The technology presented has no direct bearing on land degradation.

1.5 Referência ao(s) questionário(s) sobre abordagens GST (documentado(s) usando WOCAT)

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Emergency infrastructure including shelter and linked transport infrastructure, consists in establishing specific flood shelters (for people and animals) including flood-proof collective water sources and communication infrastructure as well as health and school facilities that may serve at the same time as emergency shelters during floods.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

The technology applies to the specific context of the ‘Char’ land in Bangladesh, characterised as riverine sandy Islands along the Jamuna River. More than 80% of the land in the intervention area can be classified as 'Char' and is inhabited by 60% of the population served by the project. Every year, especially during floods, the rivers deposit huge amount of silt sediment that makes the land fertile. At the same time, river action washes away some portion of the 'Char' which at times can be quite large and has a strong impact on people's lives and livelihoods. Before the intervention, people living on 'Char' land depended on their traditional early warning mechanisms and were frequently surprised by floods that destroyed their crops and put their lives in danger. Due to recurring floods, people didn’t have the means to improve their built environment. The 'Char' land is furthermore characterised by its lack of public infrastructure and remoteness to public services.

The technology consists of setting up an emergency infrastructure and ensuring community access to these infrastructures during times of floods. It has to be understood in close interrelation with the approach of setting up an early warning system. The emergency infrastructure includes specific flood shelters (for people and animals), flood-proof collective water sources and sanitation systems, transport infrastructure such as foot bridges and elevated rural roads, as well as flood-proof health and school facilities that also serve as emergency shelters during floods. The flood shelters are built on a raised bed of soil and located at sites selected by the communities that are relatively better protected from flood and river erosion within the 'Chars'. The purpose of the technology is to ensure safety of life and protection of assets during times of emergency and also to mitigate sufferings related to floods. The flood shelter is an elevated plane land which is on an average 220 square feet by size and at least five feet high from the existing ground level. The site is selected by the community and should be connected through an elevated road to the nearest community. This arrangement helps people to get easy access during times of floods. The shelter has collective hygienic latrine facilities and safe water sources. People generally dismantle their housing while evacuating and reinstall it on the flood shelter.
The major activities include facilitating the development of community-led risk reduction action plans and their implementation through community participation and engagement of local governance institutions. This includes maintenance of the built infrastructure as the joint responsibility of the community and the local government. Land use, especially sowing and harvesting, is increasingly linked to flood related forecasting measures which has led to significant adaptation in the timing of farming activities. This coupled with the creation and access to emergency infrastructure allows for a relatively safe and healthy living. The adopted technology and approach has led to adapted livelihoods, reduced health costs and increased income. The technology has furthermore led to mainstreaming disaster risk management in policies and approach of local government institutions. Increasingly the local government’s cash and food for work programmes are targeting establishment and/or reinforcement of emergency infrastructure that can cater to larger population. Increased investments are made especially towards flood shelters and improving communication and access to emergency infrastructure. Since the technology is based on local knowledge and has been developed in consultation with the involved communities, it is generally well accepted with a fair degree of ownership and involvement. However, parts of the region are also prone to river erosion and this has a destructive impact on built infrastructures. The technology does not assure any safeguard against this form of uncertain river action.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Indique o ano de implementação:

2014

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• menos de 10 anos atrás (recentemente)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• Como parte do sistema tradicional (>50 anos)
• através de projetos/intervenções externas

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

The technology has elements of traditional practice (raised plinths for flood protection) and project promoted interventions (emergency shelter and access infrastructure).

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Reduzir riscos de desastre
• Criar impacto econômico benéfico
• Cria impacto social benéfico

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Despite the lack of public infrastructure and services and being exposed to natural hazards people tend to prefer to live in the 'Char' as it brings significant economic benefits for them: crops grow rapidly and abundantly with significantly lower input costs than on the mainland.
Cow, buffalo, goat, lamb and donkey are very common in the area. People rear these for cultivation, transportation and for having meat. Every household have at least a pair or more of livestock.

3.4 Abastecimento de água

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Misto de precipitação natural-irrigado

Comentários:

Water supply for the land comprises a mix of rainfed, irrigated and post flooding sources.

3.5 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Emergency infrastructure, shelter and linked transportation infrastructure

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

In addition to the structural and management measures described above, the technology involves additional elements such as flood-proof collective water supply and sanitation systems and communication infrastructure.

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

N/A

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Adaptar à degradação do solo

Comentários:

NA

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Especifique como custos e entradas foram calculados:

• Por unidade de tecnologia

Outro/moeda nacional (especifique):

Bangladeshi Taka (BDT)

Se for relevante, indique a taxa de câmbio do USD para moeda local (por exemplo, 1 USD = 79,9 Real): 1 USD =:

79,0

4.3 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Periodicidade (estação do ano)
1.	Construction of Flood Shelter	During dry season
2.	Raising school compound	During dry season
3.	Construction of Community Resource Center (CRC)	During dry season
4.	Installation of disaster resilient tube well	During dry season
5.	Construction of concrete platform for (existing) tube well	During dry season
6.	Construction of wooden bridge	During dry season
7.	Road construction above flood level	During dry season

Comentários:

All activities are structural in nature and can be undertaken efficiently only in dry season.

4.4 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Flood shelter: earth work	m3	8000,0	64,0	512000,0	10,0
Mão-de-obra	CRC: earth work	m3	53,0	138,0	7314,0	10,0
Mão-de-obra	CRC: sand filling	m3	302,0	99,0	29898,0	10,0
Mão-de-obra	Raised school compound: earth work	m3	1790,0	64,0	114560,0	10,0
Material vegetal	Flood shelter: grass plantation (turfing)	m2	4620,0	13,0	60060,0	10,0
Material vegetal	Flood shelter: seedlings	piece	20,0	53,0	1060,0	10,0
Material vegetal	CRC: grass plantation (turfing)	m2	3890,0	13,0	50570,0	10,0
Material vegetal	CRC: seedlings	piece	50,0	53,0	2650,0	10,0
Material vegetal	Raised school compound: grass plantation (turfing)	m2	1390,0	13,0	18070,0	10,0
Material vegetal	Raised school compound: seedlings	piece	40,0	53,0	2120,0	10,0
Material de construção	CRC: roof truss	kg	4375,0	100,0	437500,0
Material de construção	CRC: grill and iron work	m2	88,0	2091,0	184008,0
Material de construção	CRC: gypsum board	m2	478,0	922,0	440716,0
Material de construção	CRC: RCC work	m3	2,9	19557,0	56715,3
Material de construção	CRC: deformed bar	kg	397,0	85,0	33745,0
Material de construção	CRC: boundary fencing	m2	184,0	440,0	80960,0
Material de construção	CRC: brick work	m3	44,0	5515,0	242660,0
Outros	CRC: electric ware and solar panel	lumpsum	1,0	73000,0	73000,0
Outros	CRC: water supply	lumpusm	1,0	66150,0	66150,0
Outros	CRC: transportation	lumpsum	1,0	89000,0	89000,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					2502756,3
Custos totais para o estabelecimento da Tecnologia em USD					31680,46

Se o usuário da terra arca com menos que 100% dos custos, indique quem cobre os custos remanescentes:

10% of all construction cost (except community resource center) is borne by the user. Another 15% is provided by the local government bodies. The remaining 75% is subsidised by the project.

Comentários:

Defining costs of establishment is bit tricky as the measures differ in size and number, costs vary from one village to another depending on the geographical location. However, average costs of the measures further to those highligted in the table are given below:
Disaster resilient tube well: labour (mason) 3'000, equipment (drilling charge) 1800, construction material (bricks, cement, sand, iron rod, PVC pipe, cylinder, GI pipe, tubewell head) 23'250, transportation 2'650, total unit costs (BDT) 30'700
Concrete platform for (existing) tube well : labour (mason) 600, construction material (bricks, cement, sand) 2'450, other (Transportation, waste water disposal) 1650, total unit costs (BDT) 4'700
Wooden bridge: labour (mason, mason assitant, painting assistant, earthwork) 30'000, plant material (grass plantation) 12'500, equipment (painting brush etc.) 1'000, construction material (timber, nails, tar, tarpin oil, paint) 260'000, Transportation 30'000, total unit costs (BDT) 333'500
Road construction/repair: labour (earthwork) 102'500, plant material (grass plantation/turfing), 12'500, total unit costs (BDT) 115'000

4.5 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Construction of Flood Shelter	During dry season
2.	Raising school compound	During dry season
3.	Construction of Community Resource Center (CRC)	During dry season
4.	Installation of disaster resilient tube well	During dry season
5.	Construction of concrete platform ror (existing) tube well	During dry season
6.	Construction of wooden bridge	During dry season
7.	Road construction above flood level	During dry season

Comentários:

Due to the softness of the sandy soil and the annual inundation, every measure requires considerable maintenance. The flooding generally washes out sands and decays the foundation of the structure. If maintenance is done in regular intervals, the entire structure remains functional. Also, grass needs to be frequently replanted as it dries up during the dry season.
The users and the local government (Union Disaster Management Committee) are mainly responsible for maintenance of all built assets and structures including the Community Resource Center. The relevant operation/repair and maintenance training has been provided by the project.. Maintenance manuals and guidelines have been developed and disseminated. Also, repair and maintenance equipment has been provided to cadre of users/caretakers trained in repair/maintenance work.

4.6 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Earthwork	m3	80,0	63,0	5040,0	10,0
Mão-de-obra	Sand bag filling	piece	50,0	15,0	750,0	10,0
Mão-de-obra	Pipe fitting	piece	2,0	300,0	600,0	10,0
Mão-de-obra	Mason	lumpsum	1,0	500,0	500,0	10,0
Material vegetal	Grass plantation (turfing)	m2	85,0	13,0	1105,0	10,0
Material vegetal	Seedlings	piece	15,0	53,0	795,0	10,0
Material de construção	Plastic bag	piece	50,0	10,0	500,0	10,0
Material de construção	PVC pipe	m	15,0	120,0	1800,0	10,0
Material de construção	Polythene pipe	kg	5,0	160,0	800,0	10,0
Material de construção	Ciment	bag	0,5	540,0	270,0	10,0
Material de construção	Sand	ft3	5,0	18,0	90,0	10,0
Material de construção	Caping socket	piece	2,0	35,0	70,0	10,0
Material de construção	Tape etc.	lumpsum	1,0	250,0	250,0	10,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					12570,0
Custos totais de manutenção da Tecnologia em USD					159,11

Se o usuário da terra arca com menos que 100% dos custos, indique quem cobre os custos remanescentes:

Maintenance costs are to date (2017) distributed as construction (10% by the users, 15% by the local government). A cost transfer scheme to the users and local government for maintenance is developped to be applied in the follow-up phase.

Comentários:

Again, defining costs of maintenance is also not easy as the measures differ in size and number. Average costs of the measures, further to those for flood shelter including disaster resilient tube well as highligted in the table, are given below:
Raised school compound: labour (earth work and sand bag filling) 7'800, plant material (grass plantation) 1'000, construction material (plastic bag, rope) 500, total unit maintenance costs (BDT) 9'300
Community resource Center (CRC): labour 1'200, plant material (grass plantation, seedlings) 10'500, Transportation 1'000, total unit maintenance costs (BDT) 12'700
Concrete platform for (existing) tube well : labour (mason) 500, construction material (bricks, cement, sand) 600, total unit maintenance costs (BDT) 1'100
Wooden bridge: labour (earthwork) 2'500, plant material (grass plantation) 3'000, construction material (plastic bag, rope) 2'000, total unit maintenance costs (BDT) 7'500
Road construction/repair: labour (earthwork) 10'000, plant material (grass plantation/turfing), 1'500, construction material (plastic bag, rope) 500, total unit maintenance costs (BDT) 12'000

4.7 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

Transportation of raw material from the mainland to the sites on the 'Char' Islands varies across seasons. In the dry season it is much higher compared to monsoon as the delivery of material is easier in the latter due to extended river outreach.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Indique se a tecnologia é aplicada especificamente em:

• Não relevante

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a topografia:

Information on altitudinal zone collected from the website: www.getamap.net

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

N/A

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

A salinidade da água é um problema?

Não

Ocorre inundação da área?

Sim

Regularidade:

Frequentemente

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a qualidade e a quantidade da água:

In the dry season water crisis occurs. Open defecation and use of pesticide in farming are key pollutants of water sources.

5.5 Biodiversidade

Comentários e outras especificações sobre biodiversidade:

Biodiversity can be rated as moderate or medium both in terms of species and habitat. It is stable and and often self generating.

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

N/A

5.7 Área média de terrenos utilizados pelos usuários de terrenos que aplicam a Tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Estado
• Indivíduo, não intitulado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Acesso livre (não organizado)
• Arrendado

Direitos do uso da água:

• Comunitário (organizado)
• Indivíduo

Comentários:

Land ownership is quite complex as Chars by nature are unstable habitats. In principle land is owned by state but in most cases the politician - musclemen nexus exercises real control. This results in leasing and renting of land which is the predominant form of land ownership in Chars.

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Clima e redução de riscos de desastre

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

Especificar a avaliação dos impactos fora do local (medidas):

N/A

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres meteorológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temporal local	moderadamente
Tempestade de areia/tempestade de poeira	bem
Tempestade de vento local	bem

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Onde de calor	bem
Onde de frio	bem
Seca	bem

Desastres hidrológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Inundação geral (rio)	bem
Deslizamento de terra	não bem

Comentários:

In some cases the appropriate answer would have been "not applicable" but since this is not there, we have selected "well".

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Comentários:

The limited returns that have been generated by the project is highly valued by the users from a cost - benefit perspective; especially when they understand that the project is not directly linked to land management practices. Thus, the indirect benefits are perceived to have high value.

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• > 50%

Se disponível, determine a quantidade (número de unidades familiares e/ou área abordada):

Out of a total of 8828 HHs targeted by the project, around five thousand HHs in three union have benefitted from the implementation of the technology.

De todos aqueles que adotaram a Tecnologia, quantos o fizeram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo/ pagamento material?

• 0-10%

6.6 Adaptação

A tecnologia foi recentemente modificada para adaptar-se as condições variáveis?

Sim

Caso afirmativo, indique as condições variáveis as quais ela foi adaptada:

• Disponibilidade de mão-de-obra (p. ex. devido à migração)

Especifique a adaptação da tecnologia (desenho, material/espécie, etc):

Dredging machine has been used for building some emergency infrastructure at few sites due to unavailability of labour at the time of construction.

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
Emergency structures are collectively owned and have a multipurpose use; in 'normal' (non-emergency) times they are used for other purpose than safety and protection which includes community meeting, workshop and training
Expanded opportunities of communication during flood

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do compilador ou de outra pessoa capacitada
Community is aware and driven to implement flood preparedness and risk reduction measures on its own
Appropriate measures can significantly change people's mindset and behaviour

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
River erosion threatens built structures	Careful site selection for construction work through in depth discussion with community people supported by scientific analysis
High investment needed for building physical structures (e.g. CRC building) in the char which the local government and community find difficult to finance without external support.	Install portable semi-permanent structures in the char; Lobby for greater decentralisation of finances to local government

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Latrine and Tube well maintenance manual, SRC-BDRCS-DASCOH

Disponível de onde? Custos?

SRC