Tecnologias

Improved cattleshed for urine collection [Nepal]

Criação: 06/06/2011 21:22
Atualização: 05/06/2019 14:13
Compilador/a: Richard Allen
Editor: –
Revisores: David Streiff, Alexandra Gavilano

Mutra sankalan ka lagi sudhariyeko goth (Nepali)

technologies_1752 - Nepal

Veja as seções

Expandir tudo

Completude: 65%

1. Informação geral

1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Pessoa(s) capacitada(s)

Especialista em GST:

Richard Allen

Especialista em GST:

Director

Soil Management Directorate, Department of Agriculture

Nepal

Especialista em GST:

Team Leader

Sustainable Soil Management Programme

Nepal

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Sustainable Soil Management Programme, Nepal (SSMP)

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

HELVETAS (Swiss Intercooperation)

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Department of Agriculture, Soil Management Directorate, Hariharbhawan Lalitpur (doasoil) - Nepal

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

1.5 Referência ao(s) questionário(s) sobre abordagens GST (documentado(s) usando WOCAT)

Farmer field schools on integrated plant nutrient systems [Nepal]

Participatory and collaborative learning through the farmer field school approach

Compilador/a: Richard Allen
19/01/2009 00:00

Farmer-led experimentation [Nepal]

Participatory technology testing and adaptation through farmer-led experiments

Compilador/a: Richard Allen
19/02/2009 00:00

Farmer-to-farmer diffusion [Nepal]

Wider diffusion of sustainable soil management technologies through a demand responsive farmer-to-farmer diffusion approach

Compilador/a: Richard Allen
19/01/2009 00:00

2. Descrição da tecnologia de GST

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Collection of cattle urine in improved cattle sheds for use as liquid manure and organic pesticide

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

Nitrogen is the most important macronutrient for plants, and high crop productivity can only be achieved by making sufficient nitrogen available to crops. Nitrogen is also the most limiting nutrient in farms across Nepal’s midhills. Traditionally farmers applied farmyard manure to fertilise their needs. In many places this is being supplemented or even entirely replaced by inorganic fertiliser - mainly urea. The price of inorganic fertiliser has increased continuously in recent years and it is only available in limited quantities in areas far from the roadheads. On the other hand, cultivation practices are intensifying with increased cropping intensities and more nutrient-demanding crops as, for example, local varieties are replaced by hybrids and new crops are grown. This can easily lead to declining soil fertility and nutrient mining if it is not compensated for by an equivalent increase in organic or mineral fertilisation.
Cattle urine is a viable alternative to mineral fertiliser. Of the nitrogen excreted by cattle, 60% is found in the urine and only 40% in dung. In traditional sheds, urine is left to be absorbed in the bedding material, while excess urine is channelled out of the shed and disposed of. The technology described here - improved cattle sheds- are designed for collecting the urine in a pit or drum. This pit is generally located in the shed itself or just outside connected to the drainage channel through a pipe and protected from rain and runoff. Where urine is collected for incorporation in farmyard manure, the pit may be directly connected to the manure pit or heap. Urine that is going to be used as liquid manure or organic pesticide has to be stored in a drum for fermentation.
A household with two cattle can save the equivalent of purchasing about 100 kg of urea over one year by applying urine either directly as liquid fertiliser or as a component in improved farmyard manure.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

Galeria de Mídias

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

País:

Nepal

Especificação adicional de localização:

Midhill districts of Nepal

3. Classificação da tecnologia de GST

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

Collect fertilizer

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Terra de cultivo

Cultura anual

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Intensifying cultivation practices with either 1) inadequate application of fertilisers leading to a decline in soil fertility and the mining of soil nutrients or 2) application of too much fertiliser causing environmental problems through excessive leaching, and losses of fertiliser in surface runoff and consequent eutrophication or nitrification of streams, ponds, or groundwater.

3.5 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

Gestão integrada de fertilidade do solo

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Medidas de gestão

M6: Gestão de resíduos (reciclagem, reuso ou redução)

Comentários:

Main measures: management measures

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Deteriorização química do solo

Cn: declínio de fertilidade e teor reduzido de matéria orgânica (não causado pela erosão)

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

Não aplicável

4. Especificações técnicas, implementação de atividades, entradas e custos

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

Especificações técnicas (relacionada ao desenho técnico):

a) Urine collection and direct incorporation in covered farmyard manure pit.
b) Urine collection for later application as liquid manure or organic pesticide.

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: increase in organic matter, increase in soil fertility, increase in soil productivity, pest control

Secondary technical functions: supplementary irrigation

4.2 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Especifique como custos e entradas foram calculados:

Por unidade de tecnologia

Especifique a unidade:

Urine collection system

Especifique a moeda utilizada para os cálculos de custo:

Indique a média salarial da mão-de-obra contratada por dia:

2.00

4.3 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Periodicidade (estação do ano)
1.	Provide slight slope to the cattle shed floor
2.	Dig a draining ditch and a collection pit, if possible at the lowest point inside the shed. If this is not possible, an outside pit should be dug, protected from rain and runoff, and connected with the draining ditch through a pipe or a channel.
3.	Make the floor as impermeable as possible; e.g. with cement (expensive and durable), stone slabs, soil compaction, or clay (cheap but not durable). The more impermeable the floor, the more urine can be collected.
4.	Provide a jug/’decapitated’ plastic bottle/cup/etc. to scoop the urine out of the collection pit into the fermentation drum.

4.4 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Labour	per unit	1,0	6,0	6,0	100,0
Material de construção	Plastic drum	per unit	6,0	1,0	6,0	100,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					12,0
Custos totais para o estabelecimento da Tecnologia em USD					12,0

Comentários:

Duration of establishment phase: 0.25 month(s)

4.5 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	When the collection pit is full, the collected urine has to be removed from the pit and stored in a plastic drum for fermentation.
2.	The urine is applied as liquid fertiliser by jug or through drip irrigation.

4.6 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

Comentários:

It is clear that cattle or buffaloes are required for urine production. To help farmers to use their own resources, it is suggested to start with the cheapest and simplest form of urine collection and a compacted sloping floor and a collection pit within the shed. This allows the farmer to see the benefits of collecting the urine and will encourage them to invest in more expensive materials to improve the efficiency of urine collection. Cost as in January 2007

5. Ambiente natural e humano

5.1 Clima

Precipitação pluviométrica anual

<250 mm
251-500 mm
501-750 mm
751-1.000 mm
1.001-1.500 mm
1.501-2.000 mm
2.001-3.000 mm
3.001-4.000 mm
> 4.000 mm

Especificações/comentários sobre a pluviosidade:

Annual rainfall: Also 2000-3000 mm

Zona agroclimática

úmido

Thermal climate class: subtropics

5.2 Topografia

Declividade média:

Plano (0-2%)
Suave ondulado (3-5%)
Ondulado (6-10%)
Moderadamente ondulado (11-15%)
Forte ondulado (16-30%)
Montanhoso (31-60%)
Escarpado (>60%)

Formas de relevo:

Planalto/planície
Cumes
Encosta de serra
Encosta de morro
Sopés
Fundos de vale

Zona de altitude:

0-100 m s.n.m.
101-500 m s.n.m.
501-1.000 m s.n.m.
1.001-1.500 m s.n.m.
1.501-2.000 m s.n.m.
2.001-2.500 m s.n.m.
2.501-3.000 m s.n.m.
3.001-4.000 m s.n.m.
> 4.000 m s.n.m.

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a topografia:

Slopes on average: Also moderate (6-10%), rolling (11-15%) and hilly (16-30%)

Landforms: Also footslopes

Altitudinal zone: Also 1000-1500 m a.s.l. and 1500-2000 m a.s.l.

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Orientação de mercado do sistema de produção:

Subsistência (autoabastecimento)
Comercial/mercado

Indivíduos ou grupos:

Indivíduo/unidade familiar

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Off-farm income specification: In most farm households, off-farm income plays at least a minor and increasingly a major role. Occasional opportunities for off-farm income present themselves in the form of daily labour wages. Some households’ members receive regular salaries, whilst an increasing number of Nepalis are working in India, the Middle East, Malaysia, and elsewhere and sending remittance incomes home.

5.7 Área média de terrenos utilizados pelos usuários de terrenos que aplicam a Tecnologia

< 0,5 ha
0,5-1 ha
1-2 ha
2-5 ha
5-15 ha
15-50 ha
50-100 ha
100-500 ha
500-1.000 ha
1.000-10.000 ha
> 10.000 ha

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

Indivíduo, não intitulado
Indivíduo, intitulado

Direitos do uso da terra:

Arrendado
Indivíduo

6. Impactos e declarações finais

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Renda e custos

Despesas com insumos agrícolas

aumentado

diminuído

Comentários/especificar:

Reduced expenses for agrochemicals

Outros impactos socioeconômicos

Shed management and cleaning

complicated

simplified

Organic crop production

disabled

enabled

Animal health

reduced

improved

Establishment costs if cement is used

increased

decreased

Impactos socioculturais

Social prestige as seen as progressive farmer

reduced

improved

Handling of dung and urine

increased

decreased

Impactos ecológicos

Outros impactos ecológicos

Eutrophication and nitrification of waterbodies due to controlled outflow of urine

improved

reduced

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

Poluição de água subterrânea/rio

aumentado

Reduzido

Comentários/especificar:

Reduction of nutrient influx into water bodies

Dependence on outside inputs

improved

reduced

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Retornos a curto prazo:

positivo

Retornos a longo prazo:

positivo

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Retornos a curto prazo:

positivo

Retornos a longo prazo:

positivo

Comentários:

The high cost of mineral fertiliser means that the establishment costs are soon recovered. In the long-term, the major reduction in fertiliser cost leads to increased benefits.

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

Comentários:

Comments on spontaneous adoption: Approximately 30% of SSMP supported farmers groups and about 15% none members of SSMP supported groups adopted the tehnology.

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
The use of urine collected on-farm reduced the requirement for mineral fertiliser which reduced production costs and outside dependency How can they be sustained / enhanced? Further promotion of the technology will increase this impact
Human urine can also be used to fertilise crops, but needs to be fermented longer and may be socially less accepted How can they be sustained / enhanced? Promote the use of urine further and show there is no problem with using human urine
Applying urine as a liquid manure also irrigates the crops (fertigation) How can they be sustained / enhanced? The link between urine application and drip irrigation, or other forms of smallscale irrigation, should be promoted. It has been tested and applied successfully by farmers related to SSMP in Syangja and Surkhet in western Nepal

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
The initial costs incurred whilst improving a durable shed using cement may hinder adoption	Simpler methods such as using clay soil, compacting the fl oor, and using stone slates may, however lead to less urine being collected
Project incentives (cement, plastic drum) have hindered adoption in some places	No incentives should be provided, rather very simple methods should be demonstrated and adapted to local conditions
Urine collection is feasible for subsistence farm households or small scale commercial producers. It may, however, not be applicable for larger scale commercial vegetable producers as a balance between area needed for livestock and growing the crops is needed	Urine could become a tradeable commodity which would see large-scale livestock producers selling their urine to large-scale vegetable producers.