1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Rehabilitation of Degraded Agricultural Lands in Kandy, Badulla and Nuwara Eliya Districts in the Central Highlands of Sri Lanka

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka (AGRI.PDN) - Sri Lanka

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

O compilador e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através do WOCAT:

Sim

1.4 Declaração de sustentabilidade da tecnologia descrita

A tecnologia descrita aqui é problemática em relação a degradação da terra de forma que não pode ser declarada uma tecnologia de gestão sustentável de terra?

Não

Comentários:

Crop-livestock integration improves nutrient circularity, and soil productivity technology improves nutrient recycling and soil productivity in the land and SLM practices are reducing land degradation

1.5 Referência ao(s) questionário(s) sobre abordagens GST (documentado(s) usando WOCAT)

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Crop-livestock integration improves nutrient circularity and soil productivity: solid and liquid organic fertilizers prepared from cow manure are incorporated to soil or sprayed on leaves of vegetables and tea.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

Dairy cattle farming is common in the Dolluwa area of the central province of Sri Lanka. Farmers typically have 3-4 cows on about 2-3 hectares for both milk consumption and sales. The landowner interviewed did not formerly adhere to best practices: cows were grazed in woodlands, and water and supplementary feed were not provided as needed. Housing was inadequate. Farm waste wasn’t properly recycled. The farm is located on steep land without adequate soil conservation for annual crops and tea. There was heavy dependence on chemical fertilizer. As a consequence, milk production was below average and crop yields had declined. Besides, there was reservoir pollution due to effluent washed downslope.
New technology was developed to increase milk and crop production by integrating animal–crop management strategies while enhancing nutrient circularity within the farm, and improving soil productivity and environmental quality.
The landowner was first enrolled in the Rehabilitation of Degraded Agricultural Land Project (RDALP) of the UN’s FAO in 2018. The first priority was soil conservation for the steep areas under tea. SLM practices thus combined contour cropping and bunding. Following this, an integrated crop-livestock system was initiated. The RDALP and Fonterra Pvt. Ltd. helped the landowner to build a modern cowshed with infrastructure to provide feed and water. Thereafter, cows were stall-fed: grazing was completely stopped. Cow manure is collected and stored in heaps for 2-3 weeks before incorporating into soils. In the same shed, compost is prepared by mixing manure with crop residues and kitchen/ homegarden waste. Cattle urine and wastewater is directed to a cement tank where it is mixed with specific types of leaves; it is fermented and applied as liquid fertilizer and biopesticide. Manure is used mainly for fast-growing vegetables, while compost is applied to annuals, particularly at planting, and to tea once every three months. Liquid fertilizer is applied to tea seven days before harvesting.
This package requires adequate land for a cattle shed, and for a recycling system to prepare compost and liquid fertilizers. In addition, there must be enough labour for the whole process. The key inputs include materials for the shed, associated infrastructure, and a sprayer to apply liquid fertilizers.
The major benefit is recycling waste to generate useful products – while ensuring circularity of nutrients between crop and animal production systems: thus supporting a “bioeconomy”. Soil conservation practices and the nutrient sources described have improved soil fertility and productivity for overall sustainability. Milk yields have more than doubled, and the tea harvest more than trebled.

(1) Where is the Technology applied?
On steep terrain: tea is cultivated lower down and there are reservoirs in the valley.
(2) What are the purposes/ functions?
•Provide food security
•Increase efficiency of livestock production
•Promote overall nutrient cycling
•Partially substitute chemical fertilizers and pesticides with organic manure
•Generate high-quality organic manure and compost to improve soil fertility
•Control contamination of river water
(3) What are the benefits/ impacts of the Technology?
•Reduced susceptibility of crops to pests/ diseases
•Improved quality of food and water
•Slowed land degradation and restored soil fertility
•Reduced risks
•Economically feasible and rapid impact
(4) What do land users like/
•Reduced risk
•Increased income
•Reduction in cost of production
(5) ...dislike
•Damage to crops by wild animals.
•Higher cost for dairy farming (feed)

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Indique o ano de implementação:

2019

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• menos de 10 anos atrás (recentemente)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• através de projetos/intervenções externas

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

Rehabilitation of Degraded Agricultural Land Project (RDALP) of the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations in 2018

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Melhora a produção
• Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo
• Protege uma bacia/zonas a jusante – em combinação com outra tecnologia
• Reduzir riscos de desastre
• Criar impacto econômico benéfico

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Uso do solo misturado dentro da mesma unidade de terra:

Sim

Especificar o uso misto da terra (culturas/ pastoreio/ árvores):

• Agropecuária (incl. agricultura e pecuária)

3.3 O uso do solo mudou devido à implementação da Tecnologia?

O uso do solo mudou devido à implementação da Tecnologia?

• Sim (Por favor, preencha as perguntas abaixo com relação ao uso do solo antes da implementação da Tecnologia)

Uso do solo misturado dentro da mesma unidade de terra:

Sim

Especificar o uso misto da terra (culturas/ pastoreio/ árvores):

• Agropecuária (incl. agricultura e pecuária)

3.4 Abastecimento de água

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Misto de precipitação natural-irrigado

Comentários:

Mainly water requirements are fulfilled by natural water sources in the land

3.5 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Gestão integrada plantação-criação de animais
• Gestão integrada de fertilidade do solo
• Gestão de resíduos/gestão de águas residuais

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

The land is very prone to soil erosion. Therefore several SLM measures were introduced to prevent soil erosion and improve the productivity of the land.

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Zero grazing reduced soil erosion by animal trampling

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Prevenir degradação do solo
• Reduzir a degradação do solo

Comentários:

Application of decomposed organic manure increased tea and vegetable production, proper disposal of farm waste prevents water pollution in reservoirs, prevention of application of chemical fertilizer reduces soil deterioration and water pollution

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Especifique como custos e entradas foram calculados:

• por área de tecnologia

Outro/moeda nacional (especifique):

Sri Lankan Rupees

Se for relevante, indique a taxa de câmbio do USD para moeda local (por exemplo, 1 USD = 79,9 Real): 1 USD =:

330,13

4.3 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Periodicidade (estação do ano)
1.	Establishment of soil conservation measures	Before rainy season
2.	Establishment of cattle shed	After establishment of soil conservation measures
3.	Establishment of compost shed	Before rainy season
4.	Establishment farm waste disposal system	After establishment of compost shed
5.	Planting crops	With the onset of rain
6.	Application of compost	At and after planting crops
7.	Foliar application of liquid fertilizers	After planting crops

4.4 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Establishment of cattle shed	person days	7,0	4400,0	30800,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Establishment of compost shed	person days	6,0	2000,0	12000,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Establishment of disposal system	person days	2,0	1200,0	2400,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Prepearation of Stone bunds	person days	5,0	1000,0	5000,0	15,0
Equipamento	Establishment of 'SALT' method (combined SLM measures on slopes)	person days	5,0	1000,0	5000,0	15,0
Material vegetal	Vegetable seeds	gram	10,0	100,0	1000,0	100,0
Material vegetal	Gliricidia stalks	1 stalk	1000,0	3,0	3000,0	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Compost	1 bag	25,0	125,0	3125,0	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Cattle manure	1 bag	25,0	125,0	3125,0	100,0
Material de construção	Establishment of cattle shed (roofing sheets, bricks, cement, sand..)	unit	1,0	118645,0	118645,0	16,0
Material de construção	Establishment of compost preparation unit (roofing sheets, bricks, cement, sand..)	unit	1,0	34560,0	34560,0	15,0
Material de construção	Establishment of liquid waste disposal system (roofing sheets, cement, sand..)	unit	1,0	16500,0	16500,0	40,0
Material de construção	Large bins to collect liquid waste		2,0	4500,0	9000,0	100,0
Outros	cable		18,0	890,0	16020,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					260175,0
Custos totais para o estabelecimento da Tecnologia em USD					788,1

Se o usuário da terra arca com menos que 100% dos custos, indique quem cobre os custos remanescentes:

Rehabilitation of degraded agriculture land project (RDALP) and local funds

Comentários:

The initial cost for establishing cattle shed with a filtering system and compost shed was higher. But the majority of the initial cost was covered by RDALP and local funds. Land users covered 30% of the establishment costs for soil conservation measures. Eg: the SALT method, stone bunds

4.5 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Cleaning of drains in tea land - removing weeds and sediments	After rainy season (twice a year)
2.	Lopping of trees established as SALT and shade trees of tea land	Before land preparation in each growing season
3.	Minor renovations of cattle shed and composing unit	Once in a year
4.	Replace bins used to collect liquid waste	Whenever broken

4.6 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Cleaning of drains in tea land - removing weeds and sediments	Person days	6,0	1200,0	7200,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Lopping of trees established as SALT and shade trees of tea land	Person days	4,0	1200,0	4800,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Minor renovations of cattle shed and composing unit	Person days	3,0	1200,0	3600,0	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Application of compost and cattle manure	bag	25,0	125,0	3125,0	100,0
Material de construção	Increase the area of the cattle shed (all included)		1,0	17800,0	17800,0	100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					36525,0
Custos totais de manutenção da Tecnologia em USD					110,64

Comentários:

Maintenance activities are fully covered by the land owner.

4.7 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

The cost involved in intensive labour is higher than for inputs on a daily basis

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Indique se a tecnologia é aplicada especificamente em:

• Não relevante

5.3 Solos

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

A salinidade da água é um problema?

Não

Ocorre inundação da área?

Não

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a qualidade e a quantidade da água:

Nilambe water reservoir is located in the valley and provides water for drinking and irrigation purposes. Part of the micro-catchment of the surface water body/reservoir is occupied by farms where intensive agriculture, homegardens and cattle rearing are practised. Limited soil conservation practices, overuse of agrochemicals and improper waste management have led to contamination of water

5.5 Biodiversidade

Comentários e outras especificações sobre biodiversidade:

The forested and scrubland area is about tree species and species of shrubs. In addition, grass species as medicinal plants are also growing. Local and imported varieties of fruits avocado, guava, mango, banana, pomegranate, orange, lemon and tree and bush type of local fruits are grown. Local varieties of cardamom, cinnamon, pepper, nutmeg and other locally used spices such as coriander, mustard etc. have been grown in the home garden. Vegetables often grown include cabbage, beans, lettuce, cucumber, radish, tomato etc. In the tea land, two shade tree species, gliricidia and albizzia

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.7 Área média de terrenos utilizados pelos usuários de terrenos que aplicam a Tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Indivíduo, não intitulado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Indivíduo

Direitos do uso da água:

• Indivíduo

Os direitos de uso da terra são baseados em um sistema jurídico tradicional?

Sim

Especifique:

The land belongs to a land user. Land use rights are passed down from generation to generation. Land use rights, water usage rights are based on a traditional legal system

Comentários:

Because of the traditional legal system land use rights, and water usage rights are not free for all. Land users are able to implement and maintain technology without any disturbance occurring due to land and water usage rights

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

Biodiversidade: vegetação, animais

Clima e redução de riscos de desastre

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

	Estação do ano	aumento ou diminuição	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temperatura anual		aumento	bem
Temperatura sazonal	estação úmida/das chuvas	aumento	bem
Temperatura sazonal	estação seca	aumento	bem
Precipitação pluviométrica anual		redução/diminuição	bem
Precipitação pluviométrica sazonal	estação úmida/das chuvas	redução/diminuição	bem
Precipitação pluviométrica sazonal	estação seca	redução/diminuição	bem

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Seca	bem

Desastres biológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Doenças epidêmicas	moderadamente
Infestação de insetos/vermes	moderadamente

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Comentários:

According to the land user’s perspective implementation of this technology provided net benefits from tea, vegetables and dairy farming compared with establishment and maintenance cost. In the beginning, land users had to invest substantial amount of money to establish this technology. However, short-term and long-term returns could cover the cost involved in establishment and maintenance of the technology.

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• casos isolados/experimental

Se disponível, determine a quantidade (número de unidades familiares e/ou área abordada):

The technology was introduced to about 10 farms but except one land user, others were unable to spend on developing technology irrespective of partial funds generated from other sources.

De todos aqueles que adotaram a Tecnologia, quantos o fizeram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo/ pagamento material?

• 0-10%

Comentários:

No farmer was able to afford to develop technology by their own.

6.6 Adaptação

A tecnologia foi recentemente modificada para adaptar-se as condições variáveis?

Não

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
After providing a proper shed for cows, it was possible to provide adequate feed and water for easy consumption of cows. This led to a significant increase in milk production.
Direct application of cow dung and liquid organic fertilizer for tea and vegetables led to an increase in crop yields and improved soil fertility.
As benefits are higher in monetary terms in comparison to the costs of investment for this technology, neighbourhood farmers who rear animals are encouraged to follow this technology.
Reduction in chemical fertilizer usage reduced the cost of production.
With the implementation of new technology, the number of pests and diseases incidences declined.

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do compilador ou de outra pessoa capacitada
This technology is easy to promote on the farmland due to the low cost involved and multiple benefits are visible. This technology has changed the attitudes of farmers that dairy farming could be profitable and support crop cultivation.
Before implementing this technology landowners had to work outside to earn money. As the income increase with the establishment of the technology, landowners could spend more time on other farming activities onsite .
Modernization of cattle farms enable zero-grazing so that land user was able to spend additional time for other farming activities.
The landowner does not need to depend on government or private sector funds to improve their farming activities.

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
Crops and fruits are often damaged by wild animals. Therefore the maximum profits cannot be achieved.	The landowner is with the opinion is that damage caused by wild animals could be stopped by constructing a steel fence around the land. However, farmer is unable to afford or such as the cost is very high.
Establishment of this technology requires considerable amount of money which is beyond the income and purchasing power of farmers with low income.	Providing partial funding by government or private sector organizations would help farmers to initiate the establishment of at least one or two components of technology.
Attitudes of neighboring farmers on dairy farming should be changed as a profit oriented business.	Introducing training programs and demonstrations at the successful farm would encourage other farmers to use the technology.

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do compilador ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
The landowner does not record profits that earn from his farming activities. He doesn’t have a good idea about the overall income of his farming activities per month.	The landowner should change attitudes toward income recordings.
People should be aware of these SLM technologies, SLM knowledge and benefits.	Government and private sector should invest in and implement SLM training programs.
Limited availability of modern technologies in cattle farming and crop cultivation affordable to middle income farmers.	Modernize farming with biogas technology, harvest tea with the cutter, prepare wormy compost and compost tea for tea cultivation.
Lack of properly established marketing channel for selling products.	Improve the product quality, or technology to develop value added products targeting supermarkets.

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Sustainable management practices for agricultural lands in the central highlands of Sri Lanka

Disponível de onde? Custos?

rehabilitation of degraded agricultural land project office, food and agricultural organization of the United Nations Peradeniya Sri Lanka

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Project News: Fertile Soil

Disponível de onde? Custos?

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

7.3 Links para informações on-line relevantes

Título/ descrição:

Controlled livestock grazing for soil fertility improvement [Uganda]

URL:

https://qcat.wocat.net/en/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_2761/