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Promoting farmers and pastoralists consultations in managing rangelands. [Камерун]

Dialogue platforms

approaches_3319 - Камерун

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1. Общая информация

1.2 Контактные данные специалистов и организаций, участвующих в описании и оценке Подхода

Ответственный (-ые) специалист (-ы)

Специалист по УЗП:

Blasius Azuhnwi

Название проекта, содействовавшего документированию/оценке Подхода (если применимо)
In Search of Common Ground
Название организации (-ий), содействовавших документированию/оценке Подхода (если применимо)
Mbororo Social and Cultural Development Association (MBOSCUDA) - Камерун

1.3 Условия, регламентирующие использование собранных ВОКАТ данных

Когда были собраны данные (на местах)?

16/11/2017

Составитель и ответственный/-ые специалист(-ы) согласны с условиями, регламентирующими использование собранных ВОКАТ данных:

Да

1.4 Ссылка (-и) на Анкету (-ы) по Технологиям УЗП

2. Описание Подхода УЗП

2.1 Краткое описание Подхода

These are multi stakeholder platforms bringing together rangeland users such as farmers, pastoralists/agro pastoralists to learn, discuss and implement low stake conflict mitigation strategies and mutually beneficial alliances.

2.2 Подробное описание Подхода

Подробное описание Подхода:

Dialogue Platforms (DP) are usually made up between 12 to 14 community members with a balance from both the pastoralist and farming communities. The members are selected from within the community on the basis of their tract records on peace building, objectivity and interest in the development of their community. The objectives of these platforms are: promote inter community dialogue in natural resources sharing and access, promote sensible resource management, and promote mutual beneficial relationships and constructive conflict resolution and mitigation. The Alternative Conflict Management (ACM) approach is usually promoted and this seeks to address the question of how people can make better decisions together, particularly on difficult, contentious issues. This is implemented as a complement or substitute to more adversarial or non-consensual strategies, such as judicial or legal recourse, unilaterally initiated public information campaigns or partisan political action.
The stages of this multi stakeholder dialogue process mostly facilitated by 'Paralegals' and 'Community Resource Volunteers' of the Mbororo Social and Cultural Development Association (MBOSCUDA) include:
1. Identification of stakeholders who are mostly farmers, pastoralists and agro-pastoralists but can also include traditional authorities, local administration and technical services
2. Sensitization on approach
3. Setting up of DP and capacity building of members on conflict mediation techniques of Alternative Crisis Management (ACM) approach which privilege negotiation and mediation in resolving resource access/use conflicts
4. Monitoring of the functioning of DP
5. Promoting the emergence of beneficial farming relations between farmers and pastoralists

2.3 Фотографии, иллюстрирующие Подход

Медиа-галерея

2.4 Видеоматериалы по применению Подхода

Комментарий, краткое описание:

'Reaching the Unreached': https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gBUXSDnVLUM
A documentary showing some of MBOSCUDA's community development initiatives in North-West Cameroon.

Дата:

12.12.2012

Место:

North-West Cameroon

Автор съемки:

ISCG project of MBOSCUDA

2.5 Страна/ регион/ место, где применялся Подход

Страна:

Камерун

Административная единица (Район/Область):

North West Region

Более точная привязка места:

This approach has been piloted in 23 communities in the North West Region

Предварительный просмотр карты

2.6 Даты начала и окончания реализации Подхода

Год начала реализации:

2011

Год окончания (Если Подход больше не применяется):

2018

Комментарии:

Project funding will end in 2018. Some aspects of this approach have been existing informally within the communities but through the facilitation efforts of development NGOs, it has gained in popularity and has even made its way in to the draft Pastoral Code of the country awaiting enactment by parliament.

2.7 Тип Подхода

  • в рамках проекта/ программы

2.8 Каковы цели/ задачи Подхода

- Articulation and mediation of different interests in resource use and sharing.
- Promote beneficial relationships.
- Sustainable resource (land and water) management.
- Constructive conflict resolution.

2.9 Условия содействующие применению Технологии/ Технологий в рамках Подхода или затрудняющие его

Социальные/ культурные/ религиозные нормы и ценности
  • затрудняют

Cultural differences between two main land user (pastoralists and crop farmers) may hinder smooth functioning of approach. Pastoralists are predominantly moslems while farmers are christians. So possibilities for a clash over religious values eg muslims don't take alcohol or eat pork which may be be served during gatherings may arise.

Наличие/ доступность финансовых ресурсов и услуг
  • затрудняют

This approach does not depend on availability/access to financial resources and services

Институциональные условия
  • затрудняют

Presently the institution set up by law at the level of every sub division to adjudicate farmer-pastoralists' conflicts is the Agro Pastoral Commissions (APC) which have been dubbed as corrupt and inefficient in handling these conflicts. Some are even known to help perpetuate these conflicts for selfish ends. The members of these APCs may see in this new approach the end of their prerogatives since conflicts will no longer be brought to them as farmers and pastoralists try to settle their conflicts amongst themselves without recourse to third party.

Сотрудничество/ координация действий
  • содействуют

The success of this approach is critically hinged on collaboration between main local actors especially farmers and pastoralists and also the facilitation skills of the 'Paralegals' and 'Community Resource Volunteers' of MBOSCUDA, the community based organization facilitating the emergence of this approach.

  • затрудняют

Absence of collaboration between the main local actors (farmers and pastoralists) will greatly hinder the smooth functioning of dialogue platforms.

Нормативно-правовая база (землевладение, права на земле- и водопользование)
  • содействуют

This approach has yet to get formal backing from the state. This formal backing can come from recognising it in pastoral code.

Программные документы/ руководящие установки
  • затрудняют

To much reliance on animal health care to the detriment of rangelands science and governance in government policy. This predates independence and continues even up to recent times were efforts have been oriented towards the reinforcement of veterinary infrastructure with little concern on facilitating the emergence of structures at the local level for negotiating multiple and complementary uses of resources.

Управление земельными ресурсами (принятие решений, осуществление и контроль за выполнением)
  • содействуют

This decentralization of decision making, implementation and enforcement actually creates an enabling atmosphere for the emergence of community dialogue platforms.
Also, the land tenure system of the country is under review and it is hoped that the draft provisions creating and recognizing dialogue platforms will be maintained.

Осведомленность в области УЗП, доступность технической поддержки
  • содействуют

The presence of paralegals and 'community resource volunteers' from MBOSCUDA, a local community based organization, facilitates the emergence of dialogue platforms. They provide support in terms of training and backstopping and also do monitoring and evaluation.

Рынки (для приобретения материалов и услуг, продажи продукции) и цены
  • содействуют

n.a. since this is an institutional measure.

  • затрудняют

n.a. since this is an institutional measure.

Объем работ, доступность рабочей силы
  • затрудняют

The DP members render their services pro bono. This calls for extra effort and sacrifice on their part to do this. They can be hindered in offering these services if they also have their own own private and personal matters to attend to such as working in their own fields to tend their crops or animals.

3. Участие и распределение ролей заинтересованных сторон

3.1 Заинтересованные стороны, участвующие в реализации Подхода и их роли

  • местные землепользователи/ местные сообщества

Rangeland users: pastoralists and farmers.

Pastoralists and farmers drawn from the communities because of their integrity constitute members of dialogue platforms. They look in to conflicts presented to them by the locals to mediate and find low stake solutions to them.

  • организации местных сообществ

Mbororo Social, Cultural and Development Association (MBOSCUDA).

Facilitated the emergence of this approach by organising and sponsoring capacity builiding workshops for DP members through their consultants and also parelegals and community resource volunteers who do close follow up of the functioning of DPs.

  • эксперты по УЗП/ сельскому хозяйству

Consultants .

Consultants were brought in to train DP members on conflict management, leadership skills and group dynamics.

  • ученые-исследователи

Researchers.

Compiling and documentation of practice.

  • государственные власти (отвечающие за планирование или принятие решений)

Cameroon government.

Called upon to recognize/formalize this low stake conflict mediation/resolution approach.

  • международные организации

SNV Netherlands Development Organisation.
Village Aid - a UK based charity.
Comic Relief - UK based charity.
Department of International Development (DFID) UK.

Provision of funding for programme activities.

3.2 Участие местных землепользователей/ местных сообществ на разных стадиях реализации Подхода
Участие местных землепользователей/ местных сообществ Перечислите участников и опишите их вовлеченность
инициирование/ мотивация интерактивное Because of the endemic conflicts over resource use and access in the community, the locals saw the setting up of DP as a felt need. So local people together with MBOSCUDA operatives jointly analyzed the situation and came up with the need to create DPs as a low stake solution to resolving farmer-pastoralists conflicts without the involvement administrative, judiciary and law enforcement officials who were seen to instead be inefficient and corrupt resolving the conflicts.
планирование интерактивное Joint planning sessions between locals and MBOSCUDA operatives were held to map out activities. Locals then designated members from their communities to serve as DPs and these members were suppose to be of high standing in the communities.
выполнение интерактивное Activities are implemented by DP members with support from MBOSCUDA operatives (paralegals and Community Resource Volunteers).
мониторинг/ оценка внешняя поддержка For now the monitoring/evaluation of DPs is done by Community Resource Volunteers supported by MBOSCUDA with a fuel allowance to go round and backstop the functioning of DPs.

3.3 Схема реализации (если имеется)

Описание:

During a village or quarter assembly convened by traditional authorities and facilitated by MBOSCUDA operatives, the conflicting relationship between farmers and pastoralists is discussed and participants take a firm commitment to work towards improving it. The idea of dialogue platform as a low stake measure in mitigating and resolving resource access/use is presented and community support and recognition is solicited. Community members are then called upon to designate members (between 12- 14 in number, and with at least 2 to 3 women and youths) to make up DP for the village/quarter. The DP members are then incapacitated to carry out their duties through short courses in conflict management and leadership skills, group dynamics and existing legal framework on land tenure. They go ahead to carry out their duties which are then monitored by MBOSCUDA operatives. The improved dialogue in the community especially between farmers and pastoralists then fosters the forming of farming alliances between the two groups

Автор:

Blasius Azuhnwi

3.4 Принятие решений по выбору Технологии/ Технологий УЗП

Укажите, кто принимал решение по выбору применяемой Технологии/ Технологий:
  • исключительно землепользователи (по собственной инициативе)
Поясните:

The land users (farmers and pastoralists) spontaneously decide to form alliances among themselves based on their affinities, location etc

4. Техническая поддержка, повышение компетенций и управление знаниями

4.1 Повышение компетенций/ обучение

Проводилось ли обучение землепользователей/ других заинтересованных лиц?

Да

Укажите, кто проходил обучение:
  • землепользователи
  • местный персонал/консультанты
Если существенно, укажите гендерный и возрастной состав, статус, этническую принадлежность и т.д.

Dialogue Platform members of both sexes who are generally adults of high and proven standing drawn from the community.

Тип обучения:
  • в ходе работы
  • курсы
Рассматриваемые темы:

- Conflict Management.
- Mediation Skills.
- Leadership Skills
- Group Dynamics.
- Existing legal framework.

Комментарии:

The capacity of field staff and advisers who basically are the paralegals and community resource volunteers were beefed up with these trainings as well.

4.2 Консультационные услуги

Есть ли у землепользователей возможность получать консультации?

Да

Укажите, где именно оказываются консультационные услуги:
  • на полях землепользователей
  • в постоянно функционирующих центрах
Описание/ комментарий:

Follow up by MBOSCUDA operatives into the farmers' fields to see the effectiveness of conflict resolution outcomes done by DPs.

4.3 Институциональная (организационная) поддержка

В ходе реализации Подхода были ли организованы новые институциональные структуры или поддержаны уже существующие?
  • да, существенно
Укажите уровень, на котором структуры были укреплены или вновь созданы:
  • местные
Опишите организацию, функции и ответственность, членство и т.д.

The Dialogue Platform members capacities have been built on resolving conflicts.
MBOSCUDA's (Mbororo Social and Cultural Development Association) capacity has been built to function as a better community grassroot support organisation.

Укажите тип поддержки:
  • повышение компетенций/ обучение
Подробнее:

These refresher courses gave participants the opportunity to share best practices and identify key weaknesses in mediating farmer-herder conflicts.

4.4 Мониторинг и оценка

Являются ли мониторинг и оценка частью Подхода?

Да

Комментарии:

A conflict database to ensure effective monitoring of the outcomes of the project and capture trends of conflicts in the Region has been put in place and runned by MBOSCUDA.

Если да, будет ли данный документ использоваться для мониторинга и оценки?

Да

Комментарии:

This database is updated on a trimester basis with information which DP members give paralegals and community resource volunteers. They intend collate and pass it on to Regional Agro-pastoral Officer at the MBOSCUDA's (Mbororo Social and Cultural Development Association) regional office in Bamenda where the data base is hosted.

4.5 Научные исследования

Были ли научные исследования частью Подхода?

Нет

5. Финансирование и внешняя материальная поддержка

5.1 Годовой бюджет мероприятий по УЗП в рамках Подхода

Если точный годовой бюжет неизвестен, укажите примерный диапазон затрат:
  • 10000-100000
Комментарий (например, основные источники финансирования/ ключевые доноры):

This has been mainly from international charities and donors such as:
mainly Big Lottery Fund through Village Aid but also other UK charities e.g. United Purpose; Front line Defenders; Comic Relief; Guernsey Overseas Aid Commission; Charles Heywood Foundation and Evan Cornish Foundation but also individuals e.g. Veronica Wigley and Oliver Maxwell Sawyer of the UK

5.2 Финансирование и внешняя материальная поддержка, предоставляемая землепользователям

Предоставлялась ли землепользователям финансовая/ материальная поддержка для применения Технологии /Технологий?

Да

Если да, укажите тип(-ы) поддержки, кто ее предоставил и условия предоставления:

This was mostly in terms of stationery (files, rim of papers, pen and papers) for the functioning of DPs provided by MBOSCUDA (Mbororo Social and Cultural Development Association). This stationery is mostly used in documenting the proceedings and outcome of DPs mediation efforts.

5.3 Субсидии на отдельные затраты (включая оплату труда)

  • оборудование
Укажите, какие ресурсы были субсидированы В какой степени Опишите субсидии подробнее
инвентарь/ инструменты профинансированы полностью Didactic material (files, rim of papers, pen and papers)
Если труд землепользователя был существенным вкладом, укажите, был ли этот вклад:
  • добровольный
Комментарии:

The services of DP members is on pro bono basis. .

5.4 Кредитование

Предоставлялись ли в рамках Подхода кредиты на мероприятия УЗП?

Нет

5.5 Другие методы или инструменты стимулирования

Использовались ли другие методы или инструменты стимулирования для продвижения Технологий УЗП?

Нет

6. Анализ влияния и заключительные положения

6.1 Влияние Подхода

Сумел ли Подход расширить возможности местных землепользователей, повысить участие заинтересованных сторон?
  • Нет
  • Да, немного
  • Да, умеренно
  • Да, существенно

This approach has greatly empowered local land users who increasingly do not have to turn to third parties (traditional authorities, administrative and judicial authorities or law and enforcement officers) to adjudicate in land use conflicts but seek recourse in Dialogue Platforms.

Сумел ли Подход дать возможность принимать решения на основе подтвержденных фактов?
  • Нет
  • Да, немного
  • Да, умеренно
  • Да, существенно

Decisions are being made at the local level by Dialogue Platform members who are in tune with the local realities

Сумел ли Подход помочь землепользователям внедрить и поддерживать технологии УЗП?
  • Нет
  • Да, немного
  • Да, умеренно
  • Да, существенно

An interesting and beneficial outcome of DPs has been the emergence of stronger integrated farming systems strengthening synergies between crop farmers and pastoralists known locally as Alliance Farming which is win-win for both crop farmers and pastoralists.

n.a

Сумел ли Подход расширить знания и возможности землепользователей в применении практик УЗП?
  • Нет
  • Да, немного
  • Да, умеренно
  • Да, существенно

From the farming alliances that have developed as an outcome of the implementation of this approach, community members are engaging in more sustainable ways of growing crops as farmers make use of dung and urine from cattle and don't have to rely only on chemical fertilizers.

Сумел ли Подход расширить знания и возможности других заинтересованных сторон?
  • Нет
  • Да, немного
  • Да, умеренно
  • Да, существенно

Capacities were considerably improved through the courses and the various stakeholders received and the conflicts that the DPs in practice improved considerably their capacities

Сумел ли Подход укрепить сотрудничество между заинтересоваными сторонами/ выстроить механизмы сотрудничества?
  • Нет
  • Да, немного
  • Да, умеренно
  • Да, существенно

Conflicts between land users have decreased in numbers, frequency and intensity as community members have come to see the need for mutual co-existence of two farming or land use systems (crop farming and livestock production).

Сумел ли Подход снизить остроту конфликтов?
  • Нет
  • Да, немного
  • Да, умеренно
  • Да, существенно

Conflicts have decreased considerably in project communities

Сумел ли Подход расширить возможности социально и экономически уязвимых групп?
  • Нет
  • Да, немного
  • Да, умеренно
  • Да, существенно

The Mbororos who are the cattle rearers have come to gain in confidence and overcome the low self esteem they had of themselves and also the poor perception other communities had of them.

Сумел ли Подход содействать гендерному равенству и расширить права и возможности женщин и девочек?
  • Нет
  • Да, немного
  • Да, умеренно
  • Да, существенно

For inclusiveness, it is statutory that at least 3 members of the Dialogue Platform are women. This is particular important in Mbororo communities where women face a double marginalization - for being women and for living in predominantly patriarchal societies and also for being pastoralists who still live on the fringes of society.

Сумел ли Подход стимулировать молодежь/ будущее поколение землепользователей заниматься УЗП?
  • Нет
  • Да, немного
  • Да, умеренно
  • Да, существенно

For inclusiveness, youths are statutory members of dialogue platforms

Сумел ли Подход разрешить правовые проблемы землевладения/ землепользования, препятствующие использованию технологий УЗП?
  • Нет
  • Да, немного
  • Да, умеренно
  • Да, существенно

Pastoralists rights have been strengthened by this approach. The rights they have over the rangelands they inhabit and use for their livelihood were mostly usufruct rights but farmers increasingly through this approach and its related technology - the Alliance Farming, acknowledge other rights (such as right of management) pastoralists have over the rangelands they inhabit. They are no longer looked upon as 'strangers' by farming neighbours because of their late settlement in the North West Region of the country.

Сумел ли Подход способствовать улучшению продовольственой безопасности/ качества питания?
  • Нет
  • Да, немного
  • Да, умеренно
  • Да, существенно

With the improved social climate between pastoralists and farmers, more time can be devoted to agriculture

n.a.

Сумел ли Подход улучшить санитарные условия и доступ к водоснабжению?
  • Нет
  • Да, немного
  • Да, умеренно
  • Да, существенно

The improved social climate has led to community members jointly engaging in projects such as catchment area protection for water supplies

Сумел ли Подход привести к более эффективному использованию электроэнергии/ возобновляемых источников энергии?
  • Нет
  • Да, немного
  • Да, умеренно
  • Да, существенно

Biogas use by community members has increased as some of dung is used as digesta for the biogas plants which generate energy for domestic use.

Сумел ли Подход привести к созданию новых рабочих мест/ к расширению возможностей получения дохода?
  • Нет
  • Да, немного
  • Да, умеренно
  • Да, существенно

Community members because of the reduced conflicts have time to gainfully engage themselves in their farm enterprises diversify their livelihood options as well such as engaging in other business activities.

6.2 Основные причины, побуждающие землепользователей внедрять УЗП

  • рост продуктивности

Stronger integrated farming systems strengthening synergies between crop farming and pastoralism.

  • снижение остроты конфликтов

Resolving conflicts which were preventing harmonious co-existence between the two land use forms, the farmers and pastoralists

6.3 Долгосрочная устойчивость мероприятий в рамках Подхода

Могут ли землепользователи самостоятельно (без внешней поддержки) продолжать применение того, что было реализовано в рамках Подхода?
  • да
Если да, опишите как:

A present trend observed is where farmers and pastoralists go ahead to resolve conflicts among themselves even without the intervention of DPs indicating that approach is sustainable.

6.4 Сильные стороны/ преимущества Подхода

Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности по мнению землепользователей
It has opened up dialogue between farming and pastoral communities who for the most part were always at daggers drawn. This has improved social cohesion between the two as seen in the emergence of mutual beneficial farming alliances between farmers and pastoralists.
In cases of compensation for crop damage or injury/death of animals, this is handed to the victim and not to administrative or judiciary authorities as is the case with the Agro-Pastoral Commissions, the statutory institution that arbitrates conflicts between farmers and pastoralists.
It has allowed them possibility of avoiding uncertainty, time, cost and stress in going through the Agro-Pastoral Commissions or the courts.
Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности по мнению составителя или других ключевых специалистов
Low stake conflict prevention/ resolution mechanism compared to present one involving the intervention of administrative, judiciary or law enforcement officials which has proved to be ineffective and fraught with corruption. It is workable, affordable and adaptable to local realities.
It has created an enabling environment for the emergence of mutually beneficial farming relationships and considerably reduced the hostility between the two major land users - pastoralists and farmers.
Quite informal, voluntary and flexible

6.5 Слабые стороны/ недостатки Подхода и пути их преодоления

Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски по мнению землепользователей Возможные пути их преодоления/снижения?
DP members will want some form of compensation for their time and effort. Putting in place a local mechanism to help compensate DP members for their time and effort.
Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски по мнению составителя или ответственных специалистов Возможные пути их преодоления/снижения?
Not yet recognized by law and so decisions taken by DPs are not legally binding. Recognition and or formalization will go a long way to make them legally binding.

7. Справочные материалы и ссылки

7.1 Методы сбора/источники информации

  • выезды на места, полевые обследования

Observations during field visits.

  • опросы землепользователей

Collected the views of about 30 different farmers and pastoralists during field visits to DP sites in focus group interviews.

  • опросы специалистов/экспертов по УЗП

Conducted interviews with 4 SRM specialists at MBOSCUDA on 5 different occasions.

  • данные, собранные из отчетов и достоверных документов

7.2 Ссылки на опубликованные материалы

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

Breakthrough (A publication of MBOSCUDA vols 1,2,3 and 4

Где опубликовано? Стоимость?

Free from MBOSCUDA office

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

Making Rangelands More Secure in Cameroon, ILC Rangelands Series, Issue Paper 8, by Blasius Azuhnwi

Где опубликовано? Стоимость?

Free from ILC Rome

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

Mid Term Evaluation Report of 'In Search of Common Ground' for Farmer-Grazer Conflicts in the North West Region of Cameroon. August 2016 by Nchinda Valentine, Che Marcellus, Tata Precillia Ijang, Shidiki Abubakar & Chi Napoleon

Где опубликовано? Стоимость?

Free from MBOSCUDA

7.3 Ссылки на материалы, доступные онлайн

Название/ описание:

Website of Mbororo Social and Cultural Development Association (MBOSCUDA)

Адрес в сети Интернет:

http://www.mboscuda.org/

Ссылки и модули

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