Grass strips [South Africa]
- Creation:
- Update:
- Compiler: Andrei Rozanov
- Editor: –
- Reviewers: David Streiff, Alexandra Gavilano
technologies_1380 - South Africa
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Expand all Collapse all1. General information
1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology
Mashatola M.B. (Boy)
UNIN
South Africa
Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
United Nations Institute for Namibia (UNIN) - NamibiaName of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
University of Stellenbosch (University of Stellenbosch) - South Africa1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT
The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:
Yes
2. Description of the SLM Technology
2.1 Short description of the Technology
Definition of the Technology:
Combination of field demarcation and erosion protection by grass strips
2.2 Detailed description of the Technology
Description:
Grass strips are left uncultivated to demarcate field boundaries. The width of the grass strips varies widely depending on the availability of land (distance from the village). No establishment is required. The group of fields is fenced off with wire fences (in close vicinity to town) or natural fencing using aloes and dead branches from thorn trees (for gap filling). The fence protects the crops and grass strip during summer. In winter the fields and grass strips are grazed.
2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment
Country:
South Africa
Region/ State/ Province:
Limpopo Province
Further specification of location:
Nebo and Central district
Specify the spread of the Technology:
- evenly spread over an area
If the Technology is evenly spread over an area, specify area covered (in km2):
0.3
Comments:
Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.3 km2.
Widely use in the former Lebowa homeland. 1 ha plot per family is allocated b the chief-technology is only applied on these arable plots. Main purpose (LUT) - cropland
Map
×2.6 Date of implementation
If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:
- more than 50 years ago (traditional)
2.7 Introduction of the Technology
Specify how the Technology was introduced:
- as part of a traditional system (> 50 years)
3. Classification of the SLM Technology
3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology
- reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied
Cropland
- Annual cropping
Annual cropping - Specify crops:
- cereals - maize
- cereals - sorghum
- fodder crops - grasses
Number of growing seasons per year:
- 1
Specify:
Longest growing period in days: 210; Longest growing period from month to month: Nov - May
Comments:
Major cash crop: Soghum
Major food crop: Maize
Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Low productivity due to lack of investment into fertiliser & pest control. (No credit system in place).
Size of plots is too small for economic production.
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Insufficient funds, distance from markets
3.4 Water supply
Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:
- rainfed
3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs
- area closure (stop use, support restoration)
- improved ground/ vegetation cover
3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology
agronomic measures
vegetative measures
- V2: Grasses and perennial herbaceous plants
management measures
- M2: Change of management/ intensity level
Comments:
Secondary measures: agronomic measures, management measures
3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology
soil erosion by water
- Wt: loss of topsoil/ surface erosion
- Wg: gully erosion/ gullying
chemical soil deterioration
- Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content (not caused by erosion)
water degradation
- Ha: aridification
Comments:
Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Ha: aridification
3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation
Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
- prevent land degradation
- reduce land degradation
Comments:
Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation
4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs
4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology
Technical specifications (related to technical drawing):
Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low
Technical knowledge required for land users: low
Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, reduction of slope length, increase of surface roughness
Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, improvement of ground cover, increase of infiltration, increase in soil fertility
Vegetative measure: grass strips
Vegetative material: G : grass
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1-2 m
Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass
Grass species: Indigenous grasses (not sown)
Change of land use type: Fencing
Other type of management: Winter grazing/post-harvest
4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs
Specify currency used for cost calculations:
- USD
Indicate average wage cost of hired labour per day:
6.00
4.3 Establishment activities
Activity | Timing (season) | |
---|---|---|
1. | Not required | |
2. | Fencing | At establishment |
3. | Cultivation between grass strips | Before planting (after first rains) |
4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment
Specify input | Unit | Quantity | Costs per Unit | Total costs per input | % of costs borne by land users | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Fencing | persons/day/ha | 8.33333 | 6.0 | 50.0 | 100.0 |
Equipment | Tools | ha | 1.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 100.0 |
Construction material | Wire | ha | 1.0 | 200.0 | 200.0 | 100.0 |
Total costs for establishment of the Technology | 260.0 | |||||
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD | 260.0 |
Comments:
Duration of establishment phase: 36 month(s)
4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities
Activity | Timing/ frequency | |
---|---|---|
1. | grazing /mainly cattle | Winter /Once a year |
2. | close the fence | |
3. | plant maize | |
4. | Winter grazing | After harvest / Once a year |
5. | Cultivation | First rains / Once a year |
6. | Weeding | / As needed |
4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)
Specify input | Unit | Quantity | Costs per Unit | Total costs per input | % of costs borne by land users | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Cultivation and weeding | persons/day/ha | 1.666666 | 6.0 | 10.0 | 100.0 |
Construction material | Wire | ha | 1.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 100.0 |
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology | 20.0 | |||||
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD | 20.0 |
Comments:
Fencing 1 ha with 5 strings of wire
4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs
Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:
Materials
Land preparation
5. Natural and human environment
5.1 Climate
Annual rainfall
- < 250 mm
- 251-500 mm
- 501-750 mm
- 751-1,000 mm
- 1,001-1,500 mm
- 1,501-2,000 mm
- 2,001-3,000 mm
- 3,001-4,000 mm
- > 4,000 mm
Agro-climatic zone
- semi-arid
5.2 Topography
Slopes on average:
- flat (0-2%)
- gentle (3-5%)
- moderate (6-10%)
- rolling (11-15%)
- hilly (16-30%)
- steep (31-60%)
- very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
- plateau/plains
- ridges
- mountain slopes
- hill slopes
- footslopes
- valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
- 0-100 m a.s.l.
- 101-500 m a.s.l.
- 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
- 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
- 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
- 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
- 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
- 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
- > 4,000 m a.s.l.
Comments and further specifications on topography:
Slopes on average: Also rolling and hilly
5.3 Soils
Soil depth on average:
- very shallow (0-20 cm)
- shallow (21-50 cm)
- moderately deep (51-80 cm)
- deep (81-120 cm)
- very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil):
- coarse/ light (sandy)
Topsoil organic matter:
- low (<1%)
If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.
Soil fertility is very low - low, N and P are the limiting factors
Soil drainage / infiltration is good
Soil water storage capacity is high, low and also very low
5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology
Market orientation of production system:
- subsistence (self-supply)
- mixed (subsistence/ commercial)
Off-farm income:
- > 50% of all income
Relative level of wealth:
- poor
- average
Level of mechanization:
- manual work
- mechanized/ motorized
Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:
(R 400-600 per household).
(R 200 per household).
Off-farm income specification: Government pensions; money earned by family members on mines & in urban areas
Market orientation of production system: Mixed when sorghum is planted for beer
Level of mechanization: Mechanized is limited: Average to rich can hire a tractor from contractor
5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology
- < 0.5 ha
- 0.5-1 ha
- 1-2 ha
- 2-5 ha
- 5-15 ha
- 15-50 ha
- 50-100 ha
- 100-500 ha
- 500-1,000 ha
- 1,000-10,000 ha
- > 10,000 ha
Comments:
1 ha plots
5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights
Land ownership:
- communal/ village
Land use rights:
- communal (organized)
6. Impacts and concluding statements
6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown
Socio-economic impacts
Production
crop production
Comments/ specify:
Reduce erosion, manner for grazing
fodder production
Comments/ specify:
Winter grazing with maize staple supplement
fodder quality
Comments/ specify:
Winter grazing with maize staple supplement
production area
Comments/ specify:
Loss of arable land in fenced–off-area
Income and costs
workload
Comments/ specify:
More labour for fencing
Other socio-economic impacts
input constraints
Comments/ specify:
Higher fencing costs
Socio-cultural impacts
community institutions
Comments/ specify:
Relationships between neighbours in the fenced off area
Ecological impacts
Soil
soil moisture
soil cover
soil loss
Other ecological impacts
soil fertility
6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown
downstream siltation
6.4 Cost-benefit analysis
How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Short-term returns:
slightly negative
Long-term returns:
positive
How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Short-term returns:
slightly negative
Long-term returns:
positive
6.5 Adoption of the Technology
- > 50%
If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):
60 percent of stated area
Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?
- 51-90%
Comments:
30% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates
30% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates
There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view |
---|
Land demarcation |
Crop protection from grazing in summer |
Additional grazing in winter |
Manure input during grazing |
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view |
---|
Decrease run-off |
Increased water harvesting on grass strips |
7. References and links
7.1 Methods/ sources of information
Links and modules
Expand all Collapse allLinks
No links
Modules
No modules