Technologies

Tradition forest establishment in semi-arid land [Tanzania, United Republic of]

Mlagha (Gogo-Tanzania)

technologies_1394 - Tanzania, United Republic of

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Completeness: 71%

1. General information

1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Key resource person(s)

SLM specialist:
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SLM specialist:

Dumea Hamidu

Ministry of Agriculture and cooperatives, SCLUPS

Tanzania, United Republic of

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1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

No

2. Description of the SLM Technology

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Protecting and establishing bushy trees into forest of single straight stem trees

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

The place was completely bare. It was demarketed and fenced using shrubs. Shoots were identified, prunning was done to reduce the knots and straighten the stem, harvesting is done on the trees.area has unreliable rainfall.

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

Country:

Tanzania, United Republic of

Region/ State/ Province:

Dodoma

Further specification of location:

Dodoma urban/Bihawana

Specify the spread of the Technology:
  • evenly spread over an area
If precise area is not known, indicate approximate area covered:
  • 100-1,000 km2
Map preview

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:
  • more than 50 years ago (traditional)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:
  • as part of a traditional system (> 50 years)
Comments (type of project, etc.):

farmer innovation

3. Classification of the SLM Technology

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

  • reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
  • preserve/ improve biodiversity

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Cropland

Cropland

  • Annual cropping
  • Tree and shrub cropping
Annual cropping - Specify crops:
  • cereals - maize
  • cereals - sorghum
  • Terminalia sericea
Number of growing seasons per year:
  • 1
Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 150; Longest growing period from month to month: Dec - Apr

Forest/ woodlands

Forest/ woodlands

Products and services:
  • Timber
  • Fuelwood
  • Fruits and nuts
  • Other forest products
Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): defprestation and declining soil fertility
Constraints of infrastructure network (roads, railways, pipe lines, power lines)
Constraints of wilderness

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

  • area closure (stop use, support restoration)

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

management measures

management measures

  • M1: Change of land use type

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

soil erosion by water

soil erosion by water

  • Wt: loss of topsoil/ surface erosion
soil erosion by wind

soil erosion by wind

  • Et: loss of topsoil

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
  • restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land

4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

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Technical specifications (related to technical drawing):

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate
Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover
Secondary technical functions: increase in organic matter, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting, reduction in wind speed, increase in soil fertility

Change of land use type: from bare to forest

Other type of management: livestock management: controlled grazing

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:
  • per Technology area
Indicate size and area unit:

ha

Specify currency used for cost calculations:
  • USD
Indicate average wage cost of hired labour per day:

1.90

4.3 Establishment activities

Activity Timing (season)
1. harvesting when ready
2. demarkation all time
3. fencing sept
4. identification of shoots all time
5. prunning of lower branches occassionally

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour Rehabilitate woodland and fencing persons/day/ha 367.0 1.9 697.3 100.0
Equipment Animal traction ha 1.0 550.0 550.0 100.0
Equipment Tools ha 1.0 7.5 7.5 100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology 1254.8
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD 1254.8
Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 72 month(s)

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

Activity Timing/ frequency
1. identification any time / monthly
2. prunning any time / monthly
3. fence repair any time / monthly
4. night security any time / monthly

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour Maintenance persons/day/ha 103.0 1.9 195.7 100.0
Equipment Tools ha 1.0 7.5 7.5 100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology 203.2
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD 203.2
Comments:

based on labour required/ha

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

purchase of animals, fencing labour, labour for collecting brushwood

5. Natural and human environment

5.1 Climate

Annual rainfall
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Specifications/ comments on rainfall:

Also 501-750 mm

Agro-climatic zone
  • semi-arid
  • arid

5.2 Topography

Slopes on average:
  • flat (0-2%)
  • gentle (3-5%)
  • moderate (6-10%)
  • rolling (11-15%)
  • hilly (16-30%)
  • steep (31-60%)
  • very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
  • plateau/plains
  • ridges
  • mountain slopes
  • hill slopes
  • footslopes
  • valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
Comments and further specifications on topography:

Slopes on average: Also moderate

5.3 Soils

Soil depth on average:
  • very shallow (0-20 cm)
  • shallow (21-50 cm)
  • moderately deep (51-80 cm)
  • deep (81-120 cm)
  • very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil):
  • coarse/ light (sandy)
  • medium (loamy, silty)
Topsoil organic matter:
  • medium (1-3%)
  • low (<1%)
If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil depth on average: Also moderately deep
Soil fertility is very low - medium
Soil drainage / infiltration is medium
Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Market orientation of production system:
  • subsistence (self-supply)
  • mixed (subsistence/ commercial)
Off-farm income:
  • less than 10% of all income
Relative level of wealth:
  • average
  • rich
Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 2% - 3%
15% of the land users are rich and own 20% of the land.
50% of the land users are average wealthy and own 60% of the land (with 8-17 cattle).
30% of the land users are poor and own 10% of the land.
15% of the land users are poor and own 10% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: most are farmers

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha
Comments:

Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology: Also 5-15 ha

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:
  • state
  • company

6. Impacts and concluding statements

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

wood production

decreased
increased
Income and costs

farm income

decreased
increased
Other socio-economic impacts

beekeping

reduced
improved

pastures

decreased
increased

medicinal

reduced
improved

Socio-cultural impacts

community institutions

weakened
strengthened

national institutions

weakened
strengthened

conflict mitigation

worsened
improved

Ecological impacts

Soil

soil moisture

decreased
increased

soil cover

reduced
improved

soil loss

increased
decreased
Climate and disaster risk reduction

wind velocity

increased
decreased

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

downstream flooding

increased
reduced

wind transported sediments

increased
reduced

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Short-term returns:

slightly positive

Long-term returns:

very positive

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Short-term returns:

positive

Long-term returns:

very positive

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

  • 1-10%
If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

400 households covering 5 percent of stated area (5% of all land users)

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?
  • 91-100%
Comments:

400 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
Comments on adoption trend: 10 have started

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
mulching material
medicinal plants
firewood
pastures
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
improve ground cover
improve soil moisture
improves soil fertility
provides pasture and fuelwood
improves honey production

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view How can they be overcome?
night theft night guard
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view How can they be overcome?
one species grown plant fruit trees
no contour bunds construct the bunds
theft train other to adopt the technology

7. References and links

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

  • field visits, field surveys
  • interviews with land users
When were the data compiled (in the field)?

23/12/1999

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

farmer innovators networkshop

Available from where? Costs?

INADES Tanzania

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