1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

{'additional_translations': {}, 'value': 1002, 'label': 'Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)', 'text': 'Sustainable Soil Management Programme, Nepal (SSMP)', 'template': 'raw'} {'additional_translations': {}, 'value': 1103, 'label': 'Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)', 'text': 'Department of Agriculture, Soil Management Directorate, Hariharbhawan Lalitpur (doasoil) - Nepal', 'template': 'raw'} {'additional_translations': {}, 'value': 1103, 'label': 'Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)', 'text': 'Department of Agriculture, Soil Management Directorate, Hariharbhawan Lalitpur (doasoil) - Nepal', 'template': 'raw'}

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.5 Reference to Questionnaire(s) on SLM Approaches (documented using WOCAT)

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Collection of cattle urine in improved cattle sheds for use as liquid manure and organic pesticide

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Nitrogen is the most important macronutrient for plants, and high crop productivity can only be achieved by making sufficient nitrogen available to crops. Nitrogen is also the most limiting nutrient in farms across Nepal’s midhills. Traditionally farmers applied farmyard manure to fertilise their needs. In many places this is being supplemented or even entirely replaced by inorganic fertiliser - mainly urea. The price of inorganic fertiliser has increased continuously in recent years and it is only available in limited quantities in areas far from the roadheads. On the other hand, cultivation practices are intensifying with increased cropping intensities and more nutrient-demanding crops as, for example, local varieties are replaced by hybrids and new crops are grown. This can easily lead to declining soil fertility and nutrient mining if it is not compensated for by an equivalent increase in organic or mineral fertilisation.
Cattle urine is a viable alternative to mineral fertiliser. Of the nitrogen excreted by cattle, 60% is found in the urine and only 40% in dung. In traditional sheds, urine is left to be absorbed in the bedding material, while excess urine is channelled out of the shed and disposed of. The technology described here - improved cattle sheds- are designed for collecting the urine in a pit or drum. This pit is generally located in the shed itself or just outside connected to the drainage channel through a pipe and protected from rain and runoff. Where urine is collected for incorporation in farmyard manure, the pit may be directly connected to the manure pit or heap. Urine that is going to be used as liquid manure or organic pesticide has to be stored in a drum for fermentation.
A household with two cattle can save the equivalent of purchasing about 100 kg of urea over one year by applying urine either directly as liquid fertiliser or as a component in improved farmyard manure.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• Collect fertilizer

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Intensifying cultivation practices with either 1) inadequate application of fertilisers leading to a decline in soil fertility and the mining of soil nutrients or 2) application of too much fertiliser causing environmental problems through excessive leaching, and losses of fertiliser in surface runoff and consequent eutrophication or nitrification of streams, ponds, or groundwater.

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• integrated soil fertility management

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

Comments:

Main measures: management measures

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• not applicable

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:

• per Technology unit

Specify currency used for cost calculations:

• USD

4.3 Establishment activities

	Activity	Timing (season)
1.	Provide slight slope to the cattle shed floor
2.	Dig a draining ditch and a collection pit, if possible at the lowest point inside the shed. If this is not possible, an outside pit should be dug, protected from rain and runoff, and connected with the draining ditch through a pipe or a channel.
3.	Make the floor as impermeable as possible; e.g. with cement (expensive and durable), stone slabs, soil compaction, or clay (cheap but not durable). The more impermeable the floor, the more urine can be collected.
4.	Provide a jug/’decapitated’ plastic bottle/cup/etc. to scoop the urine out of the collection pit into the fermentation drum.

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Labour	per unit	1.0	6.0	6.0	100.0
Construction material	Plastic drum	per unit	6.0	1.0	6.0	100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					12.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD					12.0

Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 0.25 month(s)

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Timing/ frequency
1.	When the collection pit is full, the collected urine has to be removed from the pit and stored in a plastic drum for fermentation.
2.	The urine is applied as liquid fertiliser by jug or through drip irrigation.

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

Comments:

It is clear that cattle or buffaloes are required for urine production. To help farmers to use their own resources, it is suggested to start with the cheapest and simplest form of urine collection and a compacted sloping floor and a collection pit within the shed. This allows the farmer to see the benefits of collecting the urine and will encourage them to invest in more expensive materials to improve the efficiency of urine collection. Cost as in January 2007

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Comments and further specifications on topography:

Slopes on average: Also moderate (6-10%), rolling (11-15%) and hilly (16-30%)

Landforms: Also footslopes

Altitudinal zone: Also 1000-1500 m a.s.l. and 1500-2000 m a.s.l.

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Off-farm income specification: In most farm households, off-farm income plays at least a minor and increasingly a major role. Occasional opportunities for off-farm income present themselves in the form of daily labour wages. Some households’ members receive regular salaries, whilst an increasing number of Nepalis are working in India, the Middle East, Malaysia, and elsewhere and sending remittance incomes home.

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• individual, not titled
• individual, titled

Land use rights:

• leased
• individual

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Income and costs

Other socio-economic impacts

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Other ecological impacts

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

Comments:

The high cost of mineral fertiliser means that the establishment costs are soon recovered. In the long-term, the major reduction in fertiliser cost leads to increased benefits.

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

Comments:

Comments on spontaneous adoption: Approximately 30% of SSMP supported farmers groups and about 15% none members of SSMP supported groups adopted the tehnology.

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
The use of urine collected on-farm reduced the requirement for mineral fertiliser which reduced production costs and outside dependency How can they be sustained / enhanced? Further promotion of the technology will increase this impact
Human urine can also be used to fertilise crops, but needs to be fermented longer and may be socially less accepted How can they be sustained / enhanced? Promote the use of urine further and show there is no problem with using human urine
Applying urine as a liquid manure also irrigates the crops (fertigation) How can they be sustained / enhanced? The link between urine application and drip irrigation, or other forms of smallscale irrigation, should be promoted. It has been tested and applied successfully by farmers related to SSMP in Syangja and Surkhet in western Nepal

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
The initial costs incurred whilst improving a durable shed using cement may hinder adoption	Simpler methods such as using clay soil, compacting the fl oor, and using stone slates may, however lead to less urine being collected
Project incentives (cement, plastic drum) have hindered adoption in some places	No incentives should be provided, rather very simple methods should be demonstrated and adapted to local conditions
Urine collection is feasible for subsistence farm households or small scale commercial producers. It may, however, not be applicable for larger scale commercial vegetable producers as a balance between area needed for livestock and growing the crops is needed	Urine could become a tradeable commodity which would see large-scale livestock producers selling their urine to large-scale vegetable producers.

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

STSS; SSMP (2001) Farmyard Manure and Compost Management (in Nepali). Kathmandu: Soil Testing Services Section, Department of Agriculture and Sustainable Soil Management Programme

Available from where? Costs?

SSMP