1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Scaling-up SLM practices by smallholder farmers (IFAD)

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - Switzerland

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

No

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Pigs are kept to produce manure used for soil fertility improvement and household income.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Pig farming has become a popular and lucrative business among farmers in Northern Uganda. It is considered to be a quick means of improving soil fertility and household incomes, thus improving land productivity and reducing poverty.

Pigs are normally fed reguraly on maize bran purchased or maize grain produced as the most common food ration but could also benefit from having a ratio with protein from soybeans produced on farm, and home-made feeds mainly in the form of cassava, brew waste and potatoes as well as adequate supply of drinking water for purposes of fattening, animal manure and income provision.

10-12 pigs are kept in a pen measuring 6 to 8 m wide, 8 m long and 3.5 m high with a space for feeding and bedding. The materials needed for constructing the pen are iron sheets, wood, and nails. Sanitation in pig farming is important in order to keep the pigs disease-free. Therefore, a mechanism for easy cleaning and removal of waste is necessary for any type of pig housing using sawdust. The farmer uses simple local brooms, basins, and buckets to clean and remove manure on a daily basis and applied in nearby gardens
After five to seven months, pigs are likely to have attained an ideal market weight of more than 70 – 100kg. The farmer may decide to sell or slaughter for meat. Compared to most livestock species, pigs have a higher turnover rate due to a shorter gestation period in addition to providing manure which the farmer applies on the gardens to increase soil fertility for increased food production. Pigs also have higher returns on investment due to a larger litter size and higher feed conversion ratio. These factors make pig farming a more profitable livestock enterprise, since more meat is produced and sold in a shorter period, relative to other domestic animals.
However, the farmer needs to be aware that pigs are easily attacked by bacteria and virus related diseases, which result into diarrhoea, leading to death. Treatment requires high-level skills, which may need the attention of an extension worker to provide advisory services and treatment in case they fall sick.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.4 Videos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

Indicate year of implementation:

2015

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through land users' innovation
• through projects/ external interventions

Comments (type of project, etc.):

Started as a Model farmer under National Agricultural Advisory services (NAADS).

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• improve production
• reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
• adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts
• create beneficial economic impact

• Improve learning with the community on tithered livestock mangement for manure

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• rainfed

Comments:

Have two rainy season. November to December and March to May.

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• integrated crop-livestock management
• integrated soil fertility management

• Piggery

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

Comments:

Pigs provide manure which is applied on maize field to increase production. Maize corn is fed to Pigs.

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• prevent land degradation
• restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land

Comments:

Through use and application of manure from the tethered animals.

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:

• per Technology area

other/ national currency (specify):

UGX

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

3400.0

4.3 Establishment activities

	Activity	Timing (season)
1.	Select site where to put pigs	Once before establishment
2.	Build a pen for pigs	Once before establishment
3.	Look for inputs	Once during estabslsihment/ routine
4.	Purchase pigs	Once during establsihment
5.	Put pigs in the pen	Once during establlsihment
6.	Feedding pigs	Daily
7.	Watering pigs	Daily
8.	Spraying pigs	Weekly

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Persons days on monthly basis	persons	4.0	210000.0	840000.0	100.0
Equipment	Nails	kgs	10.0	2500.0	25000.0	100.0
Equipment	Hoes	Pieces	1.0	10000.0	10000.0	100.0
Equipment	Spade	Pieces	1.0	10000.0	10000.0	100.0
Equipment	Wheel barrow	Pieces	1.0	75000.0	75000.0	100.0
Equipment	Iron sheets	pieces	6.0	20000.0	120000.0	100.0
Fertilizers and biocides	Pestcide	litres	5.0	15000.0	75000.0
Construction material	Poles	Pieces	20.0	5000.0	100000.0	100.0
Construction material	wood	pieces	15.0	5000.0	75000.0	100.0
Other	Feeds on weekly basis	kgs	100.0	3000.0	300000.0	100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					1630000.0

Comments:

Labour costs are high during estabslishment and it is reduced over time.

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Timing/ frequency
1.	Cleaning and removing manure	Daily
2.	Giving drinking water to pigs	Daily
3.	Spraying the pigs	Weekly
4.	Feeding the pigs	Daily
5.	Manure application in the field to improve soil fertility	Weekly

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	persons days on monthly basis	persons	4.0	210000.0	840000.0	100.0
Labour						100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					840000.0

Comments:

High costs of labour because its routine compared to costs of equipment which are purchased during establishment.

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Labour takes most of the costs because its required regularly during establishment and maintenance.

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:

• concave situations

5.3 Soils

5.4 Water availability and quality

Is water salinity a problem?

No

Is flooding of the area occurring?

No

5.5 Biodiversity

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• individual, not titled

Land use rights:

• communal (organized)

Water use rights:

• open access (unorganized)

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Water availability and quality

Income and costs

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Soil

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	increase or decrease	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature		increase	moderately
seasonal temperature	wet/ rainy season	increase	moderately

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

Comments:

Short term- High costs on labour and inputs.
Long term - Low costs required only for labour to maintain the technology.

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• 11-50%

If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

5

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 51-90%

6.6 Adaptation

Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?

Yes

If yes, indicate to which changing conditions it was adapted:

• climatic change/ extremes

Specify adaptation of the Technology (design, material/ species, etc.):

Planted Agroforestry trees ( avocado and calliandra) as feed supplement.

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Can easily be replicated in some other areas.
Cheap to maintain once established: require low costs for maintenance.
Provide manure which is applied on farm for increased maize production.

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Rewarding to both small and scale land users in terms of Income from the sale of pigs.
Provide manure for maize production.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
Expensive to feed during the dry season: costly due to shortage of feeds.	Promote alternative farm feeds on farm e.g avocado and calliandra trees.

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
Easily attacked by bacteria and virus related diseases which result into constant Diarrhoea.	Improve hygiene.
Intensive Labour.	Use both family labour.
Requires some capital which may not be available with the land user who may want to start.	Form saving and loans group/ association. Access agricultural loans for farmers and pay after sale of pigs.

7.1 Methods/ sources of information