1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

{'additional_translations': {}, 'value': 1068, 'label': 'Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)', 'text': 'Soil protection and rehabilitation for food security (ProSo(i)l)', 'template': 'raw'} {'additional_translations': {}, 'value': 6110, 'label': 'Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)', 'text': 'Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)', 'template': 'raw'}

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

No

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

The Tiarako dyke is an erosion control structure composed of stones organized in three rows of five lines along contour lines. The dykes are filtering structures designed to diminish the impact of runoff water, enabling excess water to pass through. This design aims to prevent water concentration upstream and slow down water flow downstream.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

The technology is applicable to all agro-sylvo-pastoral production land in the North Sudan and Sahelian zones, but it is agricultural land (cultivated fields or degraded land in the process of being converted to cultivation) and their watersheds that are most often developed. The Tiarako dyke consists of an assembly of medium-sized loose stones with a horizontal crest approximately 50 cm high and 50 cm wide. It serves to mitigate water runoff from slopes and protect other structures. Alternatively, it can be placed along runoff lines as intermediate structures, effectively controlling stronger flows.

The Tiarako bund is built in five stages:
1) Identifying the major slope:
With a simple observation of the land with the naked eye the farmer can determine which way the water flows fastest during the rainy season; this is the major slope. This observation can be improved by using a watertube level or an A-Frame.
2) Determining the contour lines using a watertube level :
•position oneself at one end upstream of the site to be surveyed, perpendicular to the slope;
•Position support 1 at the end of the projected bund. Support 2 is adjusted iteratively until the water level aligns with the reference point of Support 1, marking the crossing of the contour line.
•Once this point is determined, mark a line on the ground connecting the bases of the two supports, or replace the supports with stakes.
•Secure Support 2 in place and adjust Support 1 in the desired direction. Repeat the iterative process to locate the marker, then trace as previously instructed. Continue this process until reaching the end of the treatment area
3) Smoothing
This involves delineating the contour lines while smoothening the curve's contours. This method allows for the construction of a structure while minimizing the amount of stone needed, as the structure's length is reduced
4) Excavation of a foundation:
•Place 2 stakes side by side on the curve, 50 cm apart to form the width of the stone barrier;
•Delineate the working area based on rope availability; then place 2 other stakes opposite the first 2;
•Measure out 50 cm on the stakes and make a notch for marking;
•Tie a rope at the notch of one stake and pull the rope along the working area to wind it up at the notch of the opposite stake;
•Do the same for the other 2 posts;
•Open an anchoring furrow 10 to 15 cm deep and 50 cm wide on the line marked out, taking care to dispose of the stripped earth upslope of the curve.
5) Laying the rubble stones:
•Place two lines of medium-sized stones side by side in the trench, so that they rest on their largest face;
•Seal the interstices;
•Superimpose two other lines of medium-sized stones on the first two lines, then a fifth line, ensuring that the ridge is horizontal;
•Space out the contours, taking into account the slope of the land - the steeper the slope, the closer together the contours and structures.

The main inputs required to implement this technology are loose stones and tools (water level, pickaxe, shovel, cart, wheelbarrow, etc.).
Efficient for reclaiming gullied soils, this technology helps increase water infiltration upstream, and sedimentation of sand, clay and organic debris, ensuring terrain reshaping.
It helps farmers mitigate water erosion. However, farmers believe that without assistance from development partners, implementing this technology is nearly unfeasible due to its labour-intensive demands.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

Indicate year of implementation:

2019

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through projects/ external interventions

Comments (type of project, etc.):

The Tiarako dykes were designed and tested by ProSoil for the first time in the Tiarako sub-watershed in the commune of Satiri in 2019.

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
• protect a watershed/ downstream areas – in combination with other Technologies
• preserve/ improve biodiversity
• create beneficial economic impact

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Land use mixed within the same land unit:

Yes

Specify mixed land use (crops/ grazing/ trees):

• Agroforestry

3.3 Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

• Yes (Please fill out the questions below with regard to the land use before implementation of the Technology)

Land use mixed within the same land unit:

No

Comments:

Lands that were once unproductive have become productive thanks to reduced runoff velocities and sediment deposition on lands located downstream of the bunds.

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• rainfed

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• cross-slope measure

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• reduce land degradation

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:

• per Technology unit

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

613.5

4.3 Establishment activities

	Activity	Timing (season)
1.	Determination of major slopes and contours	February
2.	Smoothing	April to May
3.	Excavation of a foundation	April to May
4.	Installation of the rubble stones	April to May

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Determination of major slopes and contours	Linear meter	1.0	6.0	6.0
Labour	Opening of trenches and construction	Linear meter	1.0	100.0	100.0
Equipment	Cost of small equipment	Linear meter	1.0	15.0	15.0
Construction material	Purchase of rubble stones	Linear meter	1.0	1250.0	1250.0
Other	Monitoring costs	Linear meter	1.0	10.0	10.0
Other	Coordination costs	Linear meter	1.0	5.0	5.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					1386.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD					2.26

If land user bore less than 100% of costs, indicate who covered the remaining costs:

The installations were financed by ProSol.

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Timing/ frequency
1.	Maintenance and repair of the bund	At the beginning of the crop season.

Comments:

It has been shown that stone falls are caused by field owners during ploughing, children hunting for game, runoff water and moving animals. It is therefore important to raise people's awareness about the importance of ploughing parallel to the contour line, isolating structures by 0.5 m on either side, and organizing maintenance and repair work at the start of each campaign.

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Other	Maintenance and repair of the bund	Linear meter	1.0	10.0	10.0	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					10.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD					0.02

Comments:

The plan is to organize maintenance and repair work at the start of each campaign.

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

The most significant factors affecting costs are the proximity of loose stones and the availability of labour.

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:

• convex situations

Comments and further specifications on topography:

The site under consideration is located at an altitude of 365 m.

5.3 Soils

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

The soils in the area are predominantly tropical ferruginous soils with minimal or no leaching, and mostly deep hydromorphic (waterlogged) soils. The sandy-clay nature of these soils makes them sensitive to water erosion.

5.4 Water availability and quality

Is water salinity a problem?

No

Is flooding of the area occurring?

No

5.5 Biodiversity

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• individual, not titled

Land use rights:

• open access (unorganized)

Water use rights:

• open access (unorganized)
• communal (organized)

Are land use rights based on a traditional legal system?

Yes

Specify:

Due to the sacred nature of the land, custom dictates that its management must not be subject to speculation.

Comments:

Based on information gathered from both literature and interviews, land access in the village of Tiarako is mainly through inheritance and borrowing. Other modes of access (lending, leasing and buying) do not appear to be common practice, nor a perceptible reality.

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Income and costs

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

Soil

Climate and disaster risk reduction

Specify assessment of on-site impacts (measurements):

The evaluation showed that the technology helps curb water erosion, runoff, chemical and organic degradation, while mitigating the effects of drought. Considering all these advantages, it is necessary to continue promoting this technology by popularizing the technology.

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

Specify assessment of off-site impacts (measurements):

The technology is applied on a micro-catchment scale, which means that its impact is beneficial for producers located both upstream and downstream of the micro-catchment. With this in mind, its extension to other micro-watersheds should be considered.

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	increase or decrease	How does the Technology cope with it?
seasonal temperature	dry season	increase	not known

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

Comments:

The technology does not require maintenance. It only requires monitoring.

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• single cases/ experimental

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 0-10%

Comments:

The difficulties involved in establishing the stone dykes and the amount of manpower needed to implement this technology make it difficult to adopt without the support of development partners.

6.6 Adaptation

Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?

No

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Fights against water erosion and runoff
Increases inflltration of surface water into the soil.
Mitigates the effects of drought.

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Reduces runoff and wind erosion.
Promotes water infiltration into the soil and upstream sedimentation of transported floating materials (straw, faeces, various organic matter).
Recovers degraded soil.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
Difficulties in transporting stone	Continue supporting farmers

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
The implementation of this technology requires considerable financial and human resources.	Since these technologies are implemented on a micro-basin scale, it is necessary to keep organizing and supporting farmers.

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Recueil des pratiques agro-écologiques éprouvées et mises en œuvre au Burkina Faso, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, 2020/Compendium of proven agro-ecological practices implemented in Burkina Faso, National Scientific and Technological Research Center, 2020

Available from where? Costs?

Available on the Internet

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Catalogue de fiches techniques des mesures d’amélioration de la fertilité des sols, Projet « Réhabilitation et protection des sols dégradés et renforcement des instances foncières locales dans les zones rurales du Burkina Faso » (ProSol), 2020/A catalog of data sheets on soil fertility improvement measures, under the project entitled "Rehabilitation and protection of degraded soils and strengthening of local land tenure bodies in the rural areas of Burkina Faso" (ProSol), 2020

Available from where? Costs?

Available at ProSol-Burkina Faso

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Catalogue des mesures CES/DRS promues par le ProSol, 2020/A catalog of WSC/SDR measures promoted by ProSol, 2020

Available from where? Costs?

Available at ProSol-Burkina Faso

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Diagnostic sur les sites d’extension de quatre (04) micros bassins versants au profit du ProSol, Projet « Réhabilitation et protection des sols dégradés et renforcement des instances foncières locales dans les zones rurales du Burkina Faso » (ProSol), 2020/A diagnostic assessment of the extension sites of four (04) micro-catchment areas for the ProSol project, "Rehabilitation and protection of degraded soils and strengthening of local land tenure bodies in the rural areas of Burkina Faso" (ProSol), 2020

Available from where? Costs?

Available at ProSol-Burkina Faso

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Étude sur l’analyse coûts-bénéfices et économiques des mesures CES/DRS promues par ProSol, Projet « Réhabilitation et protection des sols dégradés et renforcement des instances foncières locales dans les zones rurales du Burkina Faso » (ProSol), 2020/A study on the cost-benefit and economic analysis of the WSC/SDR measures promoted by ProSol, under the project entitled "Rehabilitation and protection of degraded soils and strengthening of local land tenure bodies in the rural areas of Burkina Faso" (ProSol), 2020

Available from where? Costs?

Available at ProSol-Burkina Faso

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Réalisation d’un diagnostic de l’état des ressources naturelles et de la gestion foncière dans les régions du Sud-Ouest et des Hauts-Bassins au Burkina Faso, Projet « Réhabilitation et protection des sols dégradés et renforcement des instances foncières locales dans les zones rurales du Burkina Faso » (ProSol), 2015/A diagnostic study of the state of natural resources and land tenure management in the South-West and Hauts-Bassins regions of Burkina Faso, under the project entitled "Rehabilitation and protection of degraded soils and strengthening of local land tenure bodies in the rural areas of Burkina Faso" (ProSol), 2015

Available from where? Costs?

Available at ProSol-Burkina Faso

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Catalogue de bonnes pratiques d’adaptation aux risques climatiques au Burkina Faso, UICN/ Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, 2011/A catalog of good climate risk adaptation practices in Burkina Faso, IUCN/Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development, 2011

Available from where? Costs?

Available on the Internet