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技术
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Soil Bund with Contour Cultivation [埃塞俄比亚]

  • 创建:
  • 更新:
  • 编制者:
  • 编辑者:
  • 审查者:

Ditchira, Kab (Amharic)

technologies_1073 - 埃塞俄比亚

完整性: 67%

1. 一般信息

1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

关键资源人

SLM专业人员:

Tafese Berhanu

0465552211

Hadiya zone

Hossana

埃塞俄比亚

SLM专业人员:

Watchiso Adibacho

0465552211

Hadiya zone

Hossana

埃塞俄比亚

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

(现场)数据是什么时候汇编的?:

30/05/2011

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

2. SLM技术的说明

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

It is a structural measure with an embankment of soil or stones or soil and stones, constructed along the contour and stablized with vegetative measures (grass and fodder trees).

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Applied on different land uses on slope of more than 3%. This practice is widely used by farmers in the area. Stone and stone faced bunds height depends on the availability of stones. On the average the width is 1-1.2m and hieght is 0.6-0.7m.

Purpose of the Technology: Bunds reduce the velocity of runoff and soil erosion, retains water behind the bund and let it infiltrate. It further helps in ground water recharging.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Planning is made by community/group and individual discussion and reach a consensus on layout, spacing, implementation modalities and management requirments is reached before implementation.

Natural / human environment: The technology is applicable in areas where soil is moderately deep and stones are available

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

埃塞俄比亚

区域/州/省:

SNNPR/Hadiya/Lemo

有关地点的进一步说明:

Lemo

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份,请说明大概的日期:
  • 50多年前(传统)

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:
  • 通过项目/外部干预
注释(项目类型等):

Other countries and also other woredas in the country.

3. SLM技术的分类

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

农田

农田

  • 一年一作
  • 多年一作(非木材)
  • 乔木与灌木的种植
主要农作物(经济作物及粮食作物):

Major cash crop annual cropping: Wheat
Major food crop annual cropping: Maize
Major cash crop perennial (non-woody) cropping: sugar cane
Major food crop perennial (non-woody) cropping: sugar cane
Major cash crop perennial tree/shrub cropping: coffee, Enset
Major food crop perennial tree/shrub cropping: sugar cane

森林/林地

森林/林地

产品和服务:
  • 木材
  • 薪材
  • 放牧/啃牧
注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Absence of land use policy, low level of awarness, shortage of farm lands.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Continous cultivation, poor soil fertility, poverty, shortage of cultivated lands.

Plantation forestry: Yes

Problems / comments regarding forest use: Many peasant kebeles have earned money by selling eucalyptus grown on plantation areas of the community. Some have built schools from the proceeds. Some kebeles have shared sizable money from the sales of trees.

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Cereals - legumes - cereals

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:
  • 雨养
每年的生长季节数:
  • 2
具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 180 Longest growing period from month to month: Apr - Nov Second longest growing period in days: 150

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

  • 横坡措施

3.5 技术传播

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 173 m2.

Nowadays communities have developed positive attitudes towards SWC technologies implemented and the results obtained by practicing measures, which have reduced runoff and soil erosion reduced and land increased productivity.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

土壤水蚀

土壤水蚀

  • Wt:表土流失/地表侵蚀
  • Wg:冲沟侵蚀/沟蚀
化学性土壤退化

化学性土壤退化

  • Cn:肥力下降和有机质含量下降(非侵蚀所致)
注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:
  • 防止土地退化
  • 减少土地退化
注释:

Secondary goals: Rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4. 技术规范、实施活动、投入和成本

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

SNNPR

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, increase of infiltration

Secondary technical functions: reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length, increase / maintain water stored in soil

Early planting
Material/ species: maize, potato
Remarks: row and broad casting

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: sorghum + haricot beans
Remarks: row planting

Agronomic measure: mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: maize + haricot beans
Remarks: row planting

Agronomic measure: mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: coffee + cabbage
Remarks: row planting

Legume inter-planting
Remarks: row and broad casting

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: animal dung
Remarks: broad casting

Breaking compacted topsoil
Remarks: once, along the contour

Contour tillage
Remarks: 3-6 times, along the contour

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: G : grass
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1m
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.3
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 10-15

Vegetative measure: scattered/dispersed
Vegetative material: F : fruit trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 40-60

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: F : fruit trees / shrubs

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: F : fruit trees / shrubs

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: F : fruit trees / shrubs

Trees/ shrubs species: Cordia, Croton, Ficus

Fruit trees / shrubs species: Casmir, Avocado, Mango

Perennial crops species: Chat, Coffee, Sugar cane, Papaya

Grass species: Desho, Phalaris

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 15.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 10.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 0.00%

Terrace: bench level
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1
Spacing between structures (m): 10
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.3
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.6-0.7
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1-1.2
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 60-80

Construction material (earth): Soils excavated from the ditches is used to make the embankment.

Construction material (stone): Stones collected to construct stone/stone faced bunds.

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 15%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 10%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Change of land use type: cut and carry system practiced

Other type of management: change of management / intensity level - Follow up and evaluating the performance

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币(具体说明):

Birr

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

8.6

注明雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:

0.70

4.4 技术建立活动

活动 措施类型 时间
1. Production of planting materials 植物性的 beginning of rains
2. Planting on the bund 植物性的 during rains
3. Survey 结构性的 dry season
4. Excavating the ditches and constructing the enbankment 结构性的 dry season
5. desho grass transportation 结构性的 during rains
6. Planting Desho grass on the bund 结构性的 during rains
7. Group formation 管理 dry season
8. Follow up and evaluating the activities 管理 throughout the year

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Labour ha 1.0 156.0 156.0 5.0
设备 Machine use ha 1.0 27.8 27.8
设备 Tools ha 1.0 32.1 32.1 70.0
植物材料 Seeds ha 1.0 27.0 27.0 100.0
植物材料 Seedlings ha 1.0 29.0 29.0 100.0
其它 Grass ha 1.0 306.0 306.0 100.0
技术建立所需总成本 577.9
注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 24 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

活动 措施类型 时间/频率
1. Contour tillage 农业学的 dry season / annual
2. Contour tillage 农业学的 dry season / two to three times
3. Sawing 农业学的 during rains / annual
4. Weeding 农业学的 during rains / one or twice a year
5. Harvesting 农业学的 dry season / annual
6. Replanting 植物性的 during rains /once
7. Reconstruction 结构性的 dry season/annual
8. Replanting 结构性的 rainy season/annual

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入(每年)

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Labour ha 1.0 18.84 18.84 100.0
设备 Machine use ha 1.0 81.39 81.39 100.0
技术维护所需总成本 100.23
注释:

Machinery/ tools: Shovel, hoe, water level, string

The cost is culculated per length of structure and other agricultural activities undertaken and the cost is in a hectare of land.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Type of hand tools, Slope of the land and soil depth.

5. 自然和人文环境

5.1 气候

年降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
有关降雨的规范/注释:

1001-1500 mm (Ranked 1): 900-1400 mm, rains are tremendously variable.
751-1000 mm (Ranked 2): 900 mm, Parts of the SWC area receives on an average 900 mm.

农业气候带
  • 半湿润

Very suitable to agricultural activities with variety crops grown.

5.2 地形

平均坡度:
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形:
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
垂直分布带:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Altitudinal zone: 2001-2500 m a.s.l. (Ranked 1, below 2400m asl, very suitable to wheat, barley and horse beans.) and 1501-2000 m a.s.l. (ranked 2, over 1900m asl, very suitable to cereal crops including maize)
Landforms: Hill slopes (ranked 1, dominant land forms with flatter village areas at the top) also, ridges (ranked 2) and plateau/plains (ranked 3)
Slopes on average: Rolling (Ranked 1, the technology is mostly implemented here), moderate (ranked 2, dominantly cultivated) and hilly (ranked 3, area enclosures) as well as gentle and steep (both ranked 3)

5.3 土壤

平均土层深度:
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土):
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
表土有机质:
  • 中(1-3%)
  • 低(<1%)
如有可能,附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息,例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil depth on average: Also moderately deep (ranked 2, dominant soil depth in the SWC area) and shallow (ranked 3, degraded hillsides)
Soil texture: Fine/heavy (ranked 1, clay loam nitisols and vertisols) and medium (ranked 2, soils with high productivity)
Soil fertility: medium (ranked 1, most of the cereal cropped areas) and high (ranked 2, soils in the homestead)
Topsoil organic matter: Low (ranked 1, for all cereal cropped lands) and medium (ranked 2, land with perennial crops and homestead areas)
Soil drainage/infiltration: good (ranked 1, croplands on hillslopes ) and medium (ranked 2)
Soil water storage capacity: High (vertisols and soils on flat slopes)

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

非农收入:
  • 低于全部收入的10%
相对财富水平:
  • 贫瘠
  • 平均水平
机械化水平:
  • 手工作业
  • 畜力牵引
说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 2% - 3%
6% of the land users are rich and own 19% of the land.
35% of the land users are average wealthy and own 45% of the land.
45% of the land users are poor and own 15% of the land.
12% of the land users are poor and own 7% of the land.
Off-farm income specification: Land users who have SWC measures on their land have better income compared to others who do not have and they have better scope to get engaged in small trade.
Market orientation of production system: subsistence (cultivation and weeding of perennial crops done by hoe and weeding manual) and mixed (tillage is done by oxen)

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
注释:

Most land users have 0.50-0.25 ha of land.

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:
土地使用权:
  • 个人

6. 影响和结论性说明

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

作物生产

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

soil loss reduced, fertilizers loss controlled

饲料生产

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

bund stablization increased feed availability

饲料质量

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

bund stablization increased feed availability

木材生产

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

tree plantation

生产区域

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

area occupied by the bund

收入和成本

农业收入

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

production per unit area increased

社会文化影响

社区机构

削弱
加强
注释/具体说明:

SWC activities organized and planned by communities

国家机构

削弱
加强
注释/具体说明:

government & NGOs involvement increased

SLM/土地退化知识

减少
改良
注释/具体说明:

more land users acquired knowledge on SWC

生态影响

水循环/径流

多余水的排放

减少
改良
土壤

土壤水分

降低
增加

土壤覆盖层

减少
改良
注释/具体说明:

uphills planted with forest trees

土壤流失

增加
降低
SLM之前的数量:

82

SLM之后的数量:

8

注释/具体说明:

integrated measures

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

稍微积极

长期回报:

积极

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

稍微积极

长期回报:

积极

6.5 技术采用

在所有采用这项技术的人当中,有多少人是自发地采用该技术,即未获得任何物质奖励/付款?:
  • 0-10%
注释:

10% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

25600 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

5% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Farmers have acquired some technical skills that enables them implement SWC measures by themselves on their own land with little external support.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
increased crop production

How can they be sustained / enhanced? use high yielding varities and better farming systems.
soil erosion reduced
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
soils protected from erosion

How can they be sustained / enhanced? more awarness creation and strengthening maintenance
sources of income diversified

How can they be sustained / enhanced? introduce more productive multipurposive activities

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