1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Dept of Agriculture North West Province (Dept of Agriculture North West Province) - 南非

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

01/06/1999

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Artificially built watercourses with contour banks with a specific gradient

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Watercourse: According to the topography, one or two watercourses are needed to drain any excess run-off water during high rainfall intensities. A watercourse is built directly downhill. A perennial grass adapted to the specific environment is established in the watercourses. Maintenance requires that the grass must be fertilised according to the climate of the area. Regular (once or twice a year) cutting of the grass is very important to maintain a good grass cover, through which soil erosion in the watercourse can be prevented.

Contour banks: These are built with a gradient to spill the excess water into the watercourse. The purpose of contour banks is to shorten the slope so as to reduce the speed of the water and prevent soil erosion. The maintenance requires keeping the canal in good shape and maintaining the height of the banks.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

The contour part came mainly form the USA.
The watercourse part was developed in South Africa.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Cultivating lands without the necessary soil conservation works to prevent soil erosion.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Cultivating the lands preventing soil erosion through plant directions

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 180; Longest growing period from month to month: Oct - Mar

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 灌溉管理（包括供水、排水）

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• 1-10 平方千米

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 3 km2.

Although the total extent of the farm is 584 ha, only 250 ha plus 50 ha adjacent land was addressed through this technology.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Secondary measures: agronomic measures

Type of agronomic measures: contour tillage

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

Main causes of degradation: other human induced causes (specify) (Agricultural causes - Cultivating land on a step slope without proper conservation practices.), education, access to knowledge and support services (Lack of knowledge - How to solve the problem)

Secondary causes of degradation: other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (Topography; concentrating water in valleys causing soil erosion (steep slopes).), Poor conservation ethic

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Water run-off control plan

Location: Lichtenburg. North West

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: drain / divert, reduction of slope length

Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, Maintain soil fertility as less fertilizer are lost by water run-off

Vegetative measure: watercourses
Vegetative material: C : perennial crops, G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): seeds 6-8kg/ha

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: C : perennial crops, G : grass

Grass species: Digitaria Smuts, Eragrostis curvula, Cynodom dactylon

Structural measure: bunds/banks: contour
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1.3-1.75
Spacing between structures (m): 72-33
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.4
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 2
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.3
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 4

Construction material (earth): Construction contour banks with soil form the ditches

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0.3%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

rand

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

6.0

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Established grass in the watercourses	植物性的	After construction according to design specifications
2.	Surveying	结构性的	Dry season
3.	Construction of contours	结构性的	Any time depending on soil moisture
4.	Construction of watercourse	结构性的	Before growing season

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Construction of contours	ha	1.0	2000.0	2000.0	30.0
劳动力	Construction of watercourses	ha	1.0	1660.0	1660.0	30.0
植物材料	Establish grass	ha	1.0	840.0	840.0
技术建立所需总成本					4500.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

50 Contours are constructed on the 250ha Total length of contours = 26.7km In this case the land user received a total amount of R 9042 (1141$) subsidy for the contours.

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 24 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Building contours and watercourses	农业学的	Any time / Before planting of crops
2.	Building contours and watercourses	农业学的	Depending on soil moisture /
3.	Maintenance	农业学的	Before planting of crops / Annually
4.	Cultivation between contours	农业学的	Depending on the crop / Annually
5.	Maintaining a good grass cover	植物性的	Rainy season /Once or more times a year depending on the grass
6.	Fertilisation of the grass in the watercourse	植物性的	Rainy season /Once or twice in the rainy season
7.	Watercourse, cutting the grass	结构性的	Beginning of rainy season/Annual
8.	Contours repairing flood damage	结构性的	Dry season/After heavy rains
9.	Contour opening ditches	结构性的	Before planting of cops/Annual

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

注释:

Machinery/ tools: Tractor & plough or a grader

Contours per kilometre. NB currant tariff for subsidy. Watercourse construction per volume soil moved and grass establishing per ha above the current tariff for subsidy from April 1998

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Soil moisture and clay contents

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Slopes on average: Average slope 2-4%

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility is medium - high

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium - good

Soil water storage capacity is medium - low

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

10% of the land users are very rich and own 100% of the land.
90% of the land users are average wealthy and own 100% of the land (If management is good).

Off-farm income specification: Farmers are dedicated to make a living out of farming, although there are some farmers with an off-farm income such as transport.

Market orientation of production system: Farmers very seldom produce their own food expect for meat.

Level of mechanization: Tractors with modern implement

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

其它社会经济效应

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 10-50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

16 percent of all households in the area

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

15% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

1% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: So little, almost none. The lack in technicians from government promoting this technology and to deliver technical services are the main reasons expect for the poor conservation ethic of the farmers.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Prevent soil erosion How can they be sustained / enhanced? Good regular maintenance
Building up a good layer of topsoil
Effective run-off control of excess rainwater

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Effective erosion control How can they be sustained / enhanced? Regular maintenance
Improve water infiltration How can they be sustained / enhanced? Good cultivation practices and maintenance of contours
Increase crop yield How can they be sustained / enhanced? Good cultivation practices and maintenance of contours
Prevent off-site siltation How can they be sustained / enhanced? Good maintenance

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Hampers cultivation	Adapt change in cultivation practises

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Cannot think of any