1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Scaling-up SLM practices by smallholder farmers (IFAD)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO) - 乌干达

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

19/01/2018

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Elephant grass (Pennisteum purpureum) and calliandra (Calliandra haematocephala) are harvested and chopped using a chaff cutter to form chaff fodder. The chaff is then mixed with, cotton seed cake, molasses and maize bran to improve palatability and nutrient quality for dairy cattle. The cattle is left free to graze in the paddocks during the day and are supplemented with the chaffed fodder during milking at dusk.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Fodder for livestock is made by mixing Chaff of calliandra (Calliandra haematocephala ), elephant grass (Pennisteum purpureum), spent grains, cotton seed cake and molasses to improve palatability. The pastures are grown on a 10 acre plantation where they are harvested on routine twice a week for processing into chaff. For Calliandra leaves are harvested while elephant grass is cut at ground level and transported to the chaff shade with a tractor. At its best the chaff is evenly cut, free of dust, of good color and with a fresh aroma for cattle. The cut chaff is 6-10mm diameter pieces which allow for easy mixing with supplements. The chaff may also be from a variety of less palatable compound grasses and shrubs to which supplements are added to improve palatability. Chaff in Uganda can be purchased from commercial chaff cutting mills or produced on farm.

The farmer in Bushenyi Kyamuhunga acquired the technology from a trade show. Today, the farmer processes fodder for his 50 dairy cattle under semi intensive grazing system. The cattle are allowed to graze for 8 hours daily in the paddocks. The grazing land is about 50acres divided into 8 paddocks, where cows graze in each paddock under a one week rotation grazing system. Every evening the cows are supplemented with the processed fodder at the milking parlor. The pasture fields are established at successive intervals to allow for availability of mature pastures suitable for fodder processing throughout most of the year. The fodder processing procedure includes:
i) Cutting mature pastures at ground level and collecting the grass/ fodder from the fields,
ii) Transportation of fodder from the field to the fodder shade shelter using a tractor carrier.
iii) Offloading and sorting of pastures/ fodder into different classes of similar diameter and lengths for easy handling during chaffing.
iv) Chopping of pastures/ fodder into small units of 6-10mm using the electric chaff cutter
v) Mixing pastures/ fodder with; cotton seed cake, molasses and maize bran at a ratio of 1:2:1:4 respectively to improve the palatability and nutrient quality of the chaffed fodder.
vi). Putting the processed fodder into feed troughs for cattle to feed on during milking.

Processing enough pastures into chaff for cattle feeding is described by the farmer to be a relatively expensive process that requires intensive labor and pastures. The key expenses in establishing the system include costs of buying fodder if not readily available on the farm, purchasing a chaff cutter and buying supplements. The farmer requires 0.5tonnes of chaffed fodder mixed with supplements to feed 50 dairy cows on a daily basis. This costs the farmer monthly management labor worth Ugshs 250,000/-. The farmer grows the pastures required on the farm; on a monthly basis the fodder is valued at Ugshs 1,500,000/-, the supplements added cost Ugshs 2,500,000/-. The farmer owns an electric chaff cutter purchased at 2,500,000/-, the monthly electricity charges are 72,000/- with maintenance costs of 20,000/- for the equipment used. The farmer uses a tractor for transporting fodder at a monthly rate of Ugshs 1,500,000/- covering fuel, labour and hire charges.

The fodder chaffed into small sizes easily mixes with supplements to make a well nutrient balanced ration. This is palatable and encourages cattle to eat more, with less chances of selecting particular parts of the ration, hence minimizing wastage. The processed fodder is easy to store in bags and can be placed on wooden panels raised off ground in a cool store. The small pieces of fodder are suited for the raised basin like feed troughs, where by the cattle can’t spill the fodder on the floor hence minimizing wastage. The farmer noted that the chaffed fodder can further be processed into hay or silage for storage to be fed to cattle during the seasons of pasture scarcity especially the long dry seasons of early June to late August and early December to late February. The system enables the farmer graze at more animals on a smaller space and supplement the animals with processed fodder every evening hence more production per unit area.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2016

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间

注释（项目类型等）:

chopping pastures for silage making

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 降低灾害风险
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

The farmer has a 400 acres of land under cattle grazing, tea growing, pasture growing and fish farming.

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

注释:

In the dry season the farmer irrigates with water from the valley

每年的生长季节数:

• 2

牲畜密度（如相关）:

50 cows/64 acres including the 4 Acres where the milking parlor, fodder shade and stores are established

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 畜牧业和牧场管理
• 农畜综合管理
• 改良植物品种/动物品种

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• 0.1-1 平方千米

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

The process is for making high quality pasture suplements for cattle.

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Increased productivity per soil unit.

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 适应土地退化

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

The key requirements for the system are the fodder shade, chaff cutter and sources of pastures. The fodder shade is constructed close to the milking parlor to ease delivery of feeds into the feeding roughs. The chaff shade is made at dimensions of 3×6×6m (h×l×w) with a slating roof at about 30 degrees slant for easy flow of water off the roof. A store of 2×2×2m (l×w×h) for the chaff cutter and other equipment is constructed in one of the corners of the shade. Apart from the store corner, all other walls are constructed up to 1 meter height off ground leaving 2m open spaces from the roof.

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Uganda shillings

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

3638.0

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Clearing and Preparation of the garden	管理	Best done at the end of the dry season
2.	Planting of the desired improved pastures for fodder	管理	At the start of the rain season
3.	Construction of the fodder shelter and store	管理	Before the pastures are mature enough to start harvesting
4.	Purchase and establishment of the chaff cutter	管理	After establishment of the fodder shelter and store

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labor	man day	12.0	10000.0	120000.0
设备	Hoe	Pieces	2.0	15000.0	30000.0
设备	Panga	Pieces	1.0	5000.0	5000.0
设备	Hammer	pieces	1.0	5000.0	5000.0
设备	wheel burrow	Pieces	1.0	5000.0	5000.0
设备	Tractor hire	Hours	10.0	50000.0	500000.0
施工材料	Metal rods	Pieces	4.0	20000.0	80000.0
施工材料	Cement	50kg bags	20.0	29000.0	580000.0
施工材料	Sand	Tonnes	2.5	70000.0	175000.0
施工材料	Bricks	Pieces	10000.0	150.0	1500000.0
施工材料	Timber	Pieces	20.0	5000.0	100000.0
施工材料	Iron sheets	Sheets	24.0	42000.0	1008000.0
施工材料	Gravel	Trips	1.0	75000.0	75000.0
技术建立所需总成本					4183000.0

注释:

Bio gas solutions Uganda funded 10% ie establishment of mixing chamber for biogas which works as the mixing chamber for the irrigation fertilizer technology.

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Cutting and collecting of mature pastures to one point in the fields	管理	In the morning after dew reduces in the grasses
2.	Transportation of pastures to the fodder shade	管理	After cutting
3.	Offloading and sorting of pastures at the fodder shade	管理
4.	Chopping of pastures into small units using the electric chaff cutter	管理
5.	Mixing pastures the chaff with supplements	管理	When the pastures are well chopped
6.	Feeding the processed fodder into feed troughs	管理	30 minutes to milking time at dusk

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labor	Men/monthly	4.0	10000.0	40000.0	100.0
设备	Panga
其它	Pastures	tonnes	0.5	100000.0	50000.0
其它	Maize bran	tonnes	0.0625	88000.0	5500.0
其它	Molases	tonnes	0.13	173000.0	22490.0
其它	Cotton seed cake	tonnes	0.0625	88000.0	5500.0
技术维护所需总成本					123490.0

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Establishing the fodder shade, purchasing the chaff cutter and purchasing pastures for daily input

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 个人

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

生态影响

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		减少	不好
季节性温度	旱季	增加	适度
年降雨量		减少	好
季雨量	湿季/雨季	减少	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	不好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
滑坡	好

生物灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
流行病	不好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

1

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 90-100%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
The animals feed in the paddocks during the day and are supplemented with more palatable fodder at the milking parlor, to increase their satisifaction.
The nutrient quality of the fodder is supplemented to make a more balanced ration for the animals.
Under the semi intensive farming system, more animals can be reared per unit area in contrast to only paddock system.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
The farmer can further process the pastures into hay or silage for storage.
The animals are not so much affected by pasture scarcities.
There is chance to irrigate the pastures to cope with the long dry seasons.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Expensive to maintain.	Production of enough pastures at ago and storing them for use in the next few days.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Need for labor to process the pastures.	Further Mechanization of the process.

7.1 信息的方法/来源