1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Soil and water protection (EU-SOWAP)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven) - 比利时

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

08/11/2010

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

The technology consists of the use of cover crops and of a non-inversion seedbed preparation.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The technology consists of agronomic measures. The most important thing is that the farmers are not allowed to invert the soil by ploughing. Farmers may only cultivate their fields at plough depths. Farmers also have to use a cover crop, if possible. In this way the soil is always covered with residues of a previous crop or with residues of the cover crop. The improvement of the ground cover protects the soil against different kinds of water erosion. In the long term period, the soil structure will improve (more organic matter in top soil) and more earthworm activity will be determined. The infiltration will increase.

Purpose of the Technology: Protecting the soil against erosion and increasing infiltration.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The farmer may never plough.

Natural / human environment: The technology is applied on cropland with annual crops.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间

注释（项目类型等）:

In the Walloon part of Belgium and in the surrounding countries (France, Germany), farmers are already applying this technology for a long time. In Flanders, the technology was introduced in the 1970' by professor De Ploey of our Faculty. Farmers didn't see the benefits of the technology and decided not to implement the technology. Now, time has changed: farmers know that they have to do something against the erosion problem.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil loss by water erosion. Soil erosion related environmental problems 'muddy floods, retention pond sedimentation, declining water quality due to sediment and sediment - fixed contaminants)

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Strong nitrogen regulations and EU rules are hindering the farmer.

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: normal sequence of crops at the farm: sugar beet - wheat - potatoes - maize. Crop rotation at the experimental field: maize - wheat -sugar beet

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Longest growing period from month to month: Mar - Oct; Second longest growing period from month to month: Apr - Nov

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 最小的土壤扰动

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.0046 km2.

It's a field trial with 3 treatments. Every treatment is 4620 m² (see map). The 3 treatments are: non-inversion shallow cultivation, non inversion deep cultivation and conventional ploughing. In the region of this field, other farmers are also experimenting with the technology on their own fields.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Type of agronomic measures: cover cropping, manure / compost / residues, mineral (inorganic) fertilizers, breaking compacted topsoil, minimum tillage

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main causes of degradation: other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (soil erosion), lack of knowledge

Secondary causes of degradation: other human induced causes (specify) (agricultural causes, hevay machinery)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: high

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover, increase of infiltration, improvement of soil structure

Secondary technical functions: control of raindrop splash, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, increase in organic matter

Cover cropping
Material/ species: maize 2004

Agronomic measure: cover cropping
Material/ species: winter wheat 2004-2005

Agronomic measure: cover cropping
Material/ species: oats 2005-2006

Agronomic measure: removing less vegetation cover
Remarks: by not ploughing, every year.

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: injection of slurry 2004
Quantity/ density: 40000l/ha

Mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Material/ species: spraying N with seed 2004
Quantity/ density: 200 kg/ha
Remarks: 26%

Agronomic measure: mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Material/ species: spraying N 2005
Quantity/ density: 120 kg/ha
Remarks: 38%

Agronomic measure: mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Material/ species: spraying N 2005
Quantity/ density: 175 kg/ha
Remarks: 39%

Agronomic measure: manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: broadcast N 2005
Quantity/ density: 45 kg/ha
Remarks: 27%

Agronomic measure: mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Material/ species: 30 % K
Quantity/ density: 800 kg/ha

Breaking compacted topsoil
Remarks: every year

Minimum tillage
Remarks: every year

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	injection of slurry, spraying paraquat (to kill previous crop)	农业学的	mar 04
2.	sowing maize, nitrogen fertiliser	农业学的	apr 04
3.	herbicides	农业学的	may 05
4.	harvesting maize, sowing winter wheat	农业学的	nov 04
5.	nitrogen fertiliser	农业学的	mar 05 / apr 05

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

注释:

Comparing to ordinary field operations, there are normally no additional costs if applying the new technique. The farmer will not plough anymore, this is an economic benefit. In some cases and for some crops the farmer will use another machine, for example: the farmer will need a direct drilling machine for sowing sugar beets in stead of a normal sowing machine. In Flanders, always agricultural contractors are sowing beets (not the farmers). The agricultural contractor will ask the same price for the normal sowing machine as for the direct drilling machine. Although farmers have no additional costs, they get subsidies (80€/ha.year for shallow cultivation, 200€/ha.year for no tillage) from the Flemish Government for practicing the new technique - subsidies are mainly given to encourage the farmers.

Additional info: herbicides - apr 05 / 2 herbicides - may 05 / 2 nitrogen fertiliser - jun 05 herbicides - jun 05 harvesting winter wheat - aug 05 fertiliser (manure) - sep 05 fertiliser K - sep 05 sowing oats - sep 05

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Slopes on average: 10 %

Landforms: The main topographgy is a plateau (100 above sea level) in which rivers are incised. The technology is applied at fields situated on the slopes between the plateau and the valley.

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil depth on average: The loess deposits, which vary in thickness between a few dm to several m cover Terti

Soil texture (topsoil): 60 % loam, 30% sand and 10% clay.

Topsoil organic matter: 1,2% (experimental field)

Soil fertility is high

Soil drainage / infiltration

Soil water storage capacity is medium and sometimes very high

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 0.5% - 1%

70% of the land users are rich and own 80% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: The farmer is only working at his own farm.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

收入和成本

其它社会经济效应

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 单例/实验

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 90-100%

注释:

Comments on acceptance with external material support: survey results

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

1 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: survey results

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Nowadays about 49% of the farmers in the region are practicing conservation tillage, whereas only 33% was doing it in 2001. At the beginning of the project 63% of the farmers intend to cultivate their fields in a conservative way into 3 years. (based on e

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
less soil erosion

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
The technology clearly reduces the erosion risk while maintaining profitability.
The new technology also ha other benefits on soil structure and biodiversity.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
high investment costs for buying new agricultural machinery
more attention to crop damages caused by slugs and mice should be given.
practising the new technology requires a relative dry soil

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Practising the new technology requires a greater skill of the farmers	education, training

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

SOWAP Project. 2003-2006www. Sowap.org.