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技术
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Stone faced soil bund of Tigray [埃塞俄比亚]

  • 创建:
  • 更新:
  • 编制者:
  • 编辑者:
  • 审查者:

Emni Getsu hamed zala

technologies_980 - 埃塞俄比亚

完整性: 69%

1. 一般信息

1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

关键资源人

SLM专业人员:

Tesfaye Tadele

251-1-04-408713

S/Samre office of Agriculture and Natural Resources

Tigray Ethiopia

埃塞俄比亚

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

(现场)数据是什么时候汇编的?:

03/09/2003

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

2. SLM技术的说明

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Stone walls placed downslope in an inclined manner having embankment of soil on upstream along the contour line having tieridge.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Description: Along the contour 30 cm width and 420 cm depth of foundation is excavated and stones are cplaced upto a height of 0.5-0.75 with 1 m width and 30 cm top width. On the uper side embankment soil is added and a basin with 5-10 m tie is excavated. Purpose: To reduce soil erosion, shorten slope length and retain soil moisture. Establishment/Maintenance: Integrate with biological SWC activities, Farmers maintain Environment: Enhance vegetation growth, improve micro-climate, decrease land degradation

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

埃塞俄比亚

区域/州/省:

Tigray

有关地点的进一步说明:

Woreda

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份,请说明大概的日期:
  • 不到10年前(最近)

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:
  • 通过项目/外部干预

3. SLM技术的分类

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

农田

农田

  • 一年一作
主要农作物(经济作物及粮食作物):

Major food crop: Teff, barley, wheat, sorghum
Other crops: Horse bean, sun flower

牧场

牧场

  • Free grazing
注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil erosion, deforestation, overgrazing, decline of fertility, low moisture holding capacity

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Low productivity, low rainfall, soil erosion, deforestation

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:
  • 雨养
注释:

Water supply: Also rainfed, mixed rainfed - irrigated

Water supply: post-flooding

每年的生长季节数:
  • 1
具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 150 Longest growing period from month to month: Jul - Dec Second longest growing period in days: 120 Second longest growing period from month to month: Jun - Oct

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

  • 横坡措施

3.5 技术传播

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 327.53 m2.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

土壤水蚀

土壤水蚀

  • Wt:表土流失/地表侵蚀
  • Wg:冲沟侵蚀/沟蚀
  • Wr:河岸侵蚀
注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wg: gully erosion / gullying

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wr: riverbank erosion

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:
  • 防止土地退化
  • 减少土地退化
注释:

Secondary goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4. 技术规范、实施活动、投入和成本

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length, increase of infiltration

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: Teff and sun flower
Remarks: direct sowing

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 1000/ha
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 15-20
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5-1

Trees/ shrubs species: Leucanea, sasbanea

Grass species: local grasses

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 12.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 3.00%

Bund/ bank: level
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1
Spacing between structures (m): 60-80m
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.1m
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5m
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.5-0.75mm
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1m
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 60-80m

Construction material (earth): none clay and sandy soils

Construction material (stone): medium sized stone

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 12%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币(具体说明):

Birr

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

8.6

注明雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:

0.88

4.4 技术建立活动

活动 措施类型 时间
1. Seedling production 植物性的 Dec-June
2. Pitting 植物性的 May
3. Planting 植物性的 July
4. Survey & layout 结构性的 January
5. Fundation excavation 结构性的 February-April
6. Stone collection 结构性的 February-April
7. Construction and digging the basin and put the soil at the upper side of the bund 结构性的 February-April
8. Forming farmers groups 管理
9. Discussion among group members 管理
10. Plan of activities 管理
11. Implementation of measures 管理
12. Guarding 管理

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Labour ha 1.0 109.4 109.4 100.0
设备 Tools ha 1.0 10.0 10.0 100.0
植物材料 Seeds ha 1.0 9.4 9.4 100.0
植物材料 Fertilizer ha 1.0 33.75 33.75 100.0
其它 Person days ha 1.0 66.9 66.9 100.0
技术建立所需总成本 229.45
注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 60 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

活动 措施类型 时间/频率
1. Contour plowing 农业学的 April-may / 3 times
2. Enrichment planting 植物性的 August /annual
3. Weeding and cultivating 植物性的 September /annual
4. Stone collection 结构性的 January/annual
5. Construction 结构性的 January/annual
6. Planting/replanting 管理
7. Implementing water harvesting measures 管理

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入(每年)

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Labour ha 1.0 10.9 10.9 100.0
技术维护所需总成本 10.9
注释:

Length of structure and number of seedlings

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

steep slope, transport for construction materials (stone), dry soils (land), shallow soils.

5. 自然和人文环境

5.1 气候

年降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
农业气候带
  • 半湿润
  • 半干旱

5.2 地形

平均坡度:
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形:
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
垂直分布带:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Altitudinal zone: 1000-2500 m a.s.l.
Landforms: Also mountain- and hill slopes
Slopes on average: Also hilly and moderate

5.3 土壤

平均土层深度:
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土):
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
表土有机质:
  • 低(<1%)
如有可能,附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息,例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil texture: Also medium (ranked 2) and fine/heavy (ranked 3)
Soil fertility is low-medium
Soil drainage/infiltration is good-poor
Soil water storage capacity is low-high

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

生产系统的市场定位:
  • 生计(自给)
非农收入:
  • 低于全部收入的10%
相对财富水平:
  • 非常贫瘠
  • 贫瘠
机械化水平:
  • 手工作业
  • 畜力牵引
说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 2% - 3%; 3%
80% of the land users are average wealthy and own 80% of the land.
15% of the land users are poor and own 15% of the land.
5% of the land users are poor and own 5% of the land.
Off-farm income specification: Employed as daily labourer for weeding, plowing and harvesting.
Market orientation is subsistence (the area is drought prone and production is very low)

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
注释:

0.5-1ha for both grazing and cropland per household. Average land holding size is 0.5 ha

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

6. 影响和结论性说明

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

作物生产

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

200 kg

饲料生产

降低
增加

饲料质量

降低
增加

木材生产

降低
增加

生产区域

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

Space taken by structure is small

土地管理

妨碍
简化
收入和成本

农业收入

降低
增加

社会文化影响

社区机构

削弱
加强

SLM/土地退化知识

减少
改良

生态影响

水循环/径流

多余水的排放

减少
改良
土壤

土壤水分

降低
增加

土壤覆盖层

减少
改良

土壤流失

增加
降低
生物多样性:植被、动物

害虫/疾病控制

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

If proper placing of stone not followed

其它生态影响

Biodiversity

decreased
increased

Soil fertility

decreased
increased

Enriching ground water

depleted
enriched

Risk of damage on properties if the structure breaks

high
low

Waterlogging

increased
decreased
注释/具体说明:

in clay soils during wet seasons it is high

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

旱季稳定可靠的水流

减少
增加

下游洪水

增加
减少

下游淤积

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

decreasing siltation of dam and cultivated area

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

积极

长期回报:

积极

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

非常积极

长期回报:

积极

6.5 技术采用

在所有采用这项技术的人当中,有多少人是自发地采用该技术,即未获得任何物质奖励/付款?:
  • 90-100%
注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

98328 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Especially the maintenance of the structure is done by individuals holding the land

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Increase production

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Cut and carry, area closure, Integrating physical SWC measures with biological SWC measures.
Availability of water near byareas

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Water harvesting structures and practices
Animal feed increased

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Planting fodder trees and grasses
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
It conserves soil

How can they be sustained / enhanced? The work has to be continued in organized way.
It conserves moisture

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Include contour cultivation and other methods enhancing the soil moisture build up.
Increase production

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Integration of biological measures use of manure and other fertility improving measures.
Enhancing spring development

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Practice more water retaining measures upslopes

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
It reduces cultivated land Make the land productive by integrating with biological SWC measures, planting grass on the bund
It creates problem in farm activities Design the structure in such a way that it can not create problem for farming.
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
It takes land By integrating with biological measures make the land productive.
In some places hinder farm operation Increase width of cultivable strips

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