1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE MADRID (UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE MADRID) - 西班牙

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

IMIDRA (IMIDRA) - 西班牙

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Use of cover crops to prevent erosion and increase soil organic matter.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

In total there were 66 rows of vineyards of the Tempranillo red variety, spaced 3 m apart with a distance of 2.5 m between vines. To date they have been worked using conventional tilling without herbicides: most of the work is done mainly in the winter, followed by two or three sessions in spring aimed at controlling the growth of weeds, which is conditioned by the spring rains.
The technology is based on minimum tillage and the use of Secale cereale L and Brachypodium distachyon (L.) as cover crops to protect the soil against erosion and to increase the organic matter.

Purpose of the Technology: The main purposes of this technology are to fight against erosion and water runoff and to increase soil organic matter.
Indirectly this technology contributes to increase biodiversity in the vineyards and it could have some positive effects on wine quality (related to the content of sugar and poliphenoles) as proved by some authors (Dry et al., 2001).
Cover crops usually increase the soil moisture but on the other hand, along the summer, the cover crops and the vines are in competition for the scarce water available in the area.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The plant cover in the centre of the rows was sown in mid-November, following the copious rains in the autumn of 2006. A minimum tillage (15cm depth) is carried out before sowing. The seeding rates were 70 kg/ha for rye, Secale cereale L., and 40 kg/ha for purple false brome, Brachypodium distachyon (L.) P. Beauv. This latter cover had to be reseeded by hand since the seeds have to be buried at a very low depth. It sprouts in late winter or early spring and by late June it is already mature and dry, at which point it self-sows and it sprouts spontaneously again the following autumn. The Secale cover has to be cut in spring and re-sown in late autumn.
Once sown, the resulting vineyard was divided into alternating rows with three treatments: bare soil with traditional tilling, rows covered with Secale and rows covered with Brachypodium.
The maintenance activities consist of no tillage in winter and conservation of natural cover crops until spring.

Natural / human environment: The area is at an altitude of 800 m, in a semiarid Mediterranean climate where the recorded annual rainfall is below 400 mm and the average annual temperature is 14 ºC, with very hot and occasionally stormy summers and very cold winters. It rains primarily in spring and autumn.
The farmland is predominantly dry, especially where olives and vines are planted. Oaks (holm, Portuguese and hermes) can be found in nearby wild areas and in abandoned terrains. The study focused on the area of Campo Real in the southeast of Madrid, in the centre of Spain. The vineyard covers an area of some 2 ha of rolling hills and is located on top of limestone marl.
The farmer is the owner of the land where the technology was implemented as well as he owns other plots. The land user is one of the few organic producers in the region.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间
• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

Projects FP 06-DR3-VID IMIDRA and RTA2007-86 INIA, Bodegas y Viñedos Gosálbez-Ortí.

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 农牧业（包括农牧结合）

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Erosion and low soil organic matter content.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Water scarcity, climatic extreme events, low agricultural income.

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: agronomic measures

Type of agronomic measures: better crop cover, contour planting / strip cropping, cover cropping, mulching, manure / compost / residues, breaking crust / sealed surface, minimum tillage

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Pc: compaction, Pk: sealing and crusting, Bl: loss of soil life

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Bare soil by traditional tillage in sloping lands), deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Lack of vegetation increases soil erodibility), disturbance of water cycle (infiltration / runoff) (Increase the annual rate of rain infiltration due to high vegetation cover), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (Extreme events- storms), droughts

Secondary causes of degradation: other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (Slope between 10 to 15%), land tenure (Uncertainties on future land tenure implies overexploitation of land in the short run)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

注释:

Main goals: prevention of land degradation

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

euro

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

1.34

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Buy secale cereale seed, 70 kg per ha
2.	Buy B. distachyon seed, 40 kg per ha

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	140.7	140.7	100.0
设备	Machine use	ha	1.0	51.46	51.46	100.0
植物材料	Seeds	ha	1.0	354.43	354.43
技术建立所需总成本					546.59
技术建立总成本，美元					407.9

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 6 month(s)
Life span of the product: B. distachyon seed, 4-5 years
Life span of the product: Secale cereale seed, 1 year

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Minimum tillage and seeding in one go (Secale cereale)	Annually in late autumn or winter
2.	Seeding (B distachyon)	Every 5 years
3.	Mowing Secale cereale 1 ha	Once a year

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	140.7	140.7	100.0
设备	Machine use	ha	1.0	51.46	51.46	100.0
植物材料	Seeds	ha	1.0	113.23	113.23
技术维护所需总成本					305.39
技术维护总成本，美元					227.9

注释:

Machinery/ tools: tractor, brushcutter

Grass strips per hectare in 2008.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Labour and price of B. distachyon seeds as it is not a commercial seed.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 凹陷情况

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Slopes on average: Rolling (10-14%)

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil texture is medium (sandy loam)
Soil fertility is medium
Topsoil organic matter is medium (1.3%)
Soil drainage/infiltration is medium
Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Ground water table: No data avalilable
Availability of surface of water: During the maximum water requirements of vines (June-July) water is not available usually.

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly Leaders / privileged
Difference in the involvement of women and men: Traditionally vineyard sector in Spain is driven by men.
Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: negative
Off-farm income specification: This information is not available.
Market orientation is commercial/market (wine).

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 个人

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	好
局地风暴	未知

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	不好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	好

注释:

The species were chosen to be tolerant to drought and poor soil conditions

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

This particular land user is an organic farmer and he is willing to change his manangament practices but tradtional farmers in the region have a very negative vision of this kind of SLM techs.

6.5 技术采用

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

1

注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

1 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Increase in wine quality How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintaining this SLM practice along the time
Prevention of erosion How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintaining this SLM practice along the time
Decrease in intensity and frequency of tillage How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintaining this SLM practice along the time

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Increase of soil organic matter How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintaining this SLM practice along the time
Prevention of runoff and soil erosion (change of bare (tilled) soil by cover crops) How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintaining this SLM practice along the time
Increase in biodiversity How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintaining this SLM practice along the time
Increase in wine quality (related to the content of sugar and polyphenols), as proved by some authors (Dry et al., 2001) How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintaining this SLM practice along the time
The costs are reduced through reduced use of tractor (decreased intensity of tillage) How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintaining this SLM practice along the time

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Lack of knowledge or training to adopt this technologies	Awareness raising campaigns

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Soil moisture decreases during certain months	Mowing the cover in spring
High costs of the most effective seed (8.04$/kg) (B. distachyon)	Using other similar and cheaper seeds

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

M.J. Marques , S. García-Muñoz , G. Muñoz-Organero , R. Bienes. 2009. Soil conservation beneath grass cover in hillside vineyards under mediterranean climatic conditions. Land Degradation and Development. 21: 122-131.

Ruiz-Colmenero, S; Bienes R.; Marques MJ. 2011. Soil and water conservation dilemmas associated with the use of green cover in steep vineyards. Soil & Tillage Research 117, 211-223.

Bienes R., Marques MJ, Ruiz Colmenero M 2012. Cereales, viñedos y olivares. El manejo tradicional del suelo y sus consecuencias en la erosión hídrica. La erosión y la hidrología en campos de cultivo en España. Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 38(1), 49-74.

Ruiz-Colmenero, M., Bienes, R., Eldridge, D.J. and Marqués, M.J. 2013. Vegetation cover reduces erosion and enhances soil organic carbon in a vineyard in the central Spain. Catena. 104, 153-160.