1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Programme d’Appui à l’agriculture Productive (GIZ / PROMAP)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Misereor - 德国

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) - 德国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Covering the soil with mulch protects it against wind and water erosion and provides nutrients which has a positive effect on yields and food security.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Mulching involves spreading millet and sorghum stalks, etc. on cropland after harvesting. This technique can be used on any kind of cropland and is also effective for restoring infertile patches.

Purpose of the Technology: The stalks spread over the land at the very beginning of the dry season improve the infiltration of water, reduce the evaporation of moisture from the soil and act as a barrier to prevent wind erosion, retaining the thin layer of soil and trapping the rich dust carried by the harmattan wind. Covering the soil with mulch also protects it against water erosion. Through the action of termites, the stalks and branches decompose and are gradually incorporated into the soil, fertilising it and improving its structure.
Mulching has a positive effect on yields and therefore contributes to improving household food security. It mitigates the effects of climate change and increased rainfall variability.
In the area covered by the PASP project in Niger, an analysis was carried out to assess the effectiveness of contour stone bunds used on their own and stone bunds used in conjunction with mulching. It was found that plots with contour stone bunds only produce an average millet grain yield of 266 kg per hectare, while those with contour stone bunds plus mulching average 395 kg per hectare. The difference between the two − 129 kg − can be considered to be the positive effect of mulching.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Mulching has to be carried out each year. Around 2 tonnes per hectare per year is recommended, which is 2 or 3 stalks per m2.

Natural / human environment: This technique is implemented on individual plots. Livestock generally graze on the millet and sorghum stalks, or they are cut down and transported for use as fodder for animals being fattened in the dry season. This technique is therefore used in places where there is sufficient forage for livestock herds. It can be combined with any other erosion control technique, such as contour stone bunds and grass strips.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

Developed, implemented and disseminated as part of projects and programmes undertaken from the 1980s onwards to combat desertification and improve natural resource management. Implemented by German Development Cooperation (BMZ, GIZ, KfW) in several projects e.g. PDRT (Projet de développement rural de Tahoua, Niger), PASP (Projet de protection intégrée des ressources agro-sylvo-pastorales Tillabéri-Nord, Niger), PATECORE (project for land development and resource conservation in Plateau Central, Burkina Faso)

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 减缓气候变化及其影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 农林牧业

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): soil fertility decline, soil erosion by wind and water, surface runoff

Nomadism: Yes

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: Yes

Cut-and-carry/ zero grazing: Yes

Improved pasture: Yes

Other grazingland: agropastoralism

Selective felling of (semi-) natural forests: Yes

Forest products and services: timber, fuelwood, fruits and nuts, grazing / browsing, other forest products / uses (honey, medical, etc.)

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: farmers are mainly agropastoralists with some communities specialised on pure pastoralism

Constraints of common grazing land

Constraints of forested government-owned land or commons

Livestock density: 1-10 LU /km2

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

注释:

Water supply: Also mixed rainfed - irrigated and post-flooding

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 横坡措施

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Type of agronomic measures: mulching

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Ha: aridification

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Unadapted land use methods, reduced or abandoned fallow periods), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Neglect of fallow periods and crop rotation), droughts (due to heat waves), population pressure (rapidly growing population increasing pressure on land), poverty / wealth (poor population)

Secondary causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (use of straw for fodder and roof thatching), change in temperature (Climate change: heat waves), change of seasonal rainfall (more variable onset of rain), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (more variable and intensive rains), wind storms / dust storms (frequent storms), floods (due to intensive rain storms)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	The stalks are spread over the land at the beginning of the dry season. Mulching has to be carried out each year.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

• Labour for mulching: 1.5 man-days per ha.
• Straw for mulching: (2 t per ha per year)

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Landforms: Also footslopes and valley floors

Altitudinal zone: 200 m a.s.l.

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil texture: Fine to medium (sandy to clayey loams)

Soil fertility is very low - medium

Soil drainage / infiltration is poor - medium

Soil water storage capacity is low - medium

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Ground water table: > 10 m

Availability of surface water: Surface runoff generated by limited but intense rainfalls

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 3% - 4%

(mostly poor households below poverty line).

Off-farm income specification: men migrate temporarily or permanently to cities for off-farm income, women and men seasonally carry out paid farm work

Market orientation of production system: Most households crop for subsistence ( mainly for small agropastoralists) and surplus is sold on market (medium agropastoralists). Commercial markets: some vegetable growing and pastoralists.

Level of mechanization: Ox and donkey used for animal traction

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州
• 社区/村庄

• not titled

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

注释:

traditional land use rights prevail. On fields individual land use rights, communal rights on pasture and forest land (collection of wood and other products (fruits, medicinal plants))

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	不好
局地风暴	不好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	不好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	未知

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

注释:

Comments on acceptance with external material support: Technology is very simple.

Comments on spontaneous adoption: Technology can be applied without any external input.

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: There are competing uses for straw. Straw can be used as forage, as a construction material and for mulching. It is now becoming increasingly common for straw to be collected and stored systematically to serve as forage reserves in the dry season. It is then not available anymore for mulching.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
This technique is useful for restoring infertile patches of cropland. It also improves the soil’s physical and chemical properties and reactivates biological activity
Covering the soil with mulch protects it against wind and water erosion and provides nutrients.
Mulching has a positive effect on yields and therefore contributes to improving household food security.
It mitigates the effects of climate change and increased rainfall variability.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险

如何克服它们？

Harvest waste is often a source of conflict between livestock keepers and farmers. In Niger, the date when crop fields are opened to livestock keepers is set in each region by representatives of different user groups and the government. Increasingly, there are competing uses for harvest waste. Straw can be used as forage, as a construction material and for mulching. It is now becoming increasingly common for straw to be collected and stored systematically to serve as forage reserves in the dry season.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Good Practices in Soil and Water Conservation. A contribution to adaptation and farmers resilience towards climate change in the Sahel. Published by GIZ in 2012.

URL:

http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Main_Page