1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Department of Agriculture of Zambia (Department of Agriculture) - 赞比亚

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

To either clear or thin bush (trees) in encroached areas by chemical means.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

In some areas, the bushes are so dense (more than 2000 plants/ha) that access to the area is not possible and therefore the aerial application of chemicals is the only solution. All the plants in this area get treated this way, but no selective treatment is possible (this is still a problem to overcome). This aerial application can be selective to some extent because some bushes survive the treatment. If that is the case, selected thinning with chemical bush control can be done on bushes (but not on palatable/usable species).
The purpose was to characterise and control bush encroachment; to define and quantify grass-bush interactions in mixed savannahs, by chemical bush control; to be able to make recommendations for larger application chemical bush control like by aerial application. There was a lack of a technique for economic comparison between the potential loss of income due to bush encroachment and the cost of controlling bush.
Aftercare is very important and is an on-going process. After the first application of the chemicals, it is possible to let in goats. Browsers are better than game, because they browse the small bushes and prevent the area from further bush encroachment. The application of fire is also possible. In this area it should only be done every 7th -10th year (depending on the rainfall and grass production). There is very little communal land in this large area (5 million ha).

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

Started as a research project by the Department of Agriculture in the middle - late sixties and have been updated since the eighties.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• Improve access to land

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The negative impact that bush encroachment has on the production and botanical composition of the grass layer in these areas - thus making economical farming impossible.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): The negative impact that bush encroachment has on the production and botanical composition of the grass layer in these areas - thus making economical farming impossible.
In the small communal areas camps are not used, the area is overstocked.

Ranching: Cattle, sheep

Grazingland comments: A definite shift to game farming and production. Grazing capacity is 10 ha/LSU. Economic farm unit perceived as to be not smaller than 3000 ha.

Type of grazing system comments: A definite shift to game farming and production. Grazing capacity is 10 ha/LSU. Economic farm unit perceived as to be not smaller than 3000 ha.

Number of growing seasons per year: 1
Longest growing period in days: 180; Longest growing period from month to month: Oct - Apr

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• Tap/deploy land

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Main causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (Decrease in game led to over utilising of grass and under utilisation of woody species.), education, access to knowledge and support services (Lack of knowledge - Farmers didn't realise that they were causing the problem by not management correctly the veld)

Secondary causes of degradation: overgrazing (Especially new & around water), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (Limiting of natural fires)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Rand

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

6.0

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Soil applied chemicals (tebuthiuron)	Not important, better close to rainy season

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Apply chemicals	ha	1.0	40000.0	40000.0
设备	Tools	ha	1.0	6000.0	6000.0
施工材料	chemicals, subsistence allowan	ha	1.0	20000.0	20000.0
技术建立所需总成本					66000.0
技术建立总成本，美元					11000.0

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Burning the veld	/ 7-10 years
2.	Browsing the veld by goats

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Burning and browsing the veld	ha	1.0	10000.0	10000.0
设备	Tools	ha	1.0	1500.0	1500.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Chemicals, subsistence allowan	ha	1.0	5000.0	5000.0
技术维护所需总成本					16500.0
技术维护总成本，美元					2750.0

注释:

High salary of researcher and technician are included in the costs.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

For all 4 plots. They were working on each plot for 3 months. Travel and subsistence costs.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Slopes on average: All sites in the North West Province are flat and only the one site in the Northern Cape is hilly

Altitudinal zone: Duncan, 1057m, Karlsruehe 1200-1500m, Slabbertshof 1130m

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil depth on average: The site in the Northern Cape is very shallow North West Province the soils are very deep

Soil texture: Coarse in the North West and medium in the Northern Cape

Soil fertility is medium- low in both areas concerned. Very sandy soils, however, and have a poor fertility

Soil drainage / infiltration is good in the North West and poor in the Northern Cape

Soil water storage capacity is low: Plexut 71 mm at a depth 2.1m

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: < 10 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

15% of the land users are rich and own 20% of the land (Commercial).
85% of the land users are average wealthy and own 80% of the land (Compared with other commercial farmers).

Off-farm income specification: up to 25% farmers get involved in ecotourism (trend is to more game for ecotourism and hunting)

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄
• 个人，未命名

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

其它社会经济效应

生态影响

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• > 50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

90 percent of the area

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

90% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: See it is working, improvement of the veld return on the inputs

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Improvement in grazing capacity
Improvement of veld condition and production
Accessibility

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Improvement of veld condition and production
Accessibility (because it was to dense)

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Very expensive

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Under aero-application utilisable plants can be irradiated, if not adhered to directive	Hand application
Very expensive

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Msc of C. Richter, Gras-bosinteraksie in die bosveldgebiede van Noord-Kaap. 1991.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

C. Richter