1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Programme d’Appui à l’agriculture Productive (GIZ / PROMAP)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Manual of Good Practices in Small Scale Irrigation in the Sahel (GIZ )

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) - 德国

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Misereor - 德国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Contour stone bunds are erosion control structures and improve water retention and infiltration into the soil, resulting in an increased harvest.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Contour stone bunds are erosion control structures built with quarry rock or stones in series of two or three. They are constructed in lines along the natural contour of the land after 10-15 cm of the soil has been removed from the line where they are to be built. They should be built to a height of 20-30 cm from the ground and spaced 20 to 50 m apart depending on the inclination of the terrain.
The best results are achieved when contour stone bunds are used in combination with biological measures (planting of grass, trees and hedges) and the use of organic fertiliser and mulching.

Purpose of the Technology: Contour stone bunds protect the land against sheet erosion caused by runoff. They form a barrier that slows down runoff and spreads it more evenly over the land. By slowing the flow of water over the land, it can seep into the soil and prevents the loss of rainwater. The bunds also act as a filter, trapping fine waterborne particles of soil and manure, resulting in a build-up of sediment and the formation of terraces. The seeds of grasses and shrubs are also trapped by the bunds, favouring the establishment of natural vegetation along the structure. This further stabilises the soil and the bunds and contributes to conserving the biodiversity of plants and small wild animals (monitor lizards, birds, snakes and other reptiles). If good vegetation cover is developed on the stone bunds, they also lower soil temperature and provide protection against wind erosion. Excess water filters through the bunds and infiltrates into the soil. When rainfall is erratic, the stone bunds contribute to conserving more moisture in the soil for longer, which helps to alleviate water stress during dry spells. There is evidence that bunds that have been in place for over 15 years have positive effects on yields.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: A minimum amount of upkeep is required, which essentially involves replacing stones dislodged by animals or water flow. The lifespan of a stone bund is over 20 years.
In order to optimise the positive effects of stone bunds, it is important to ensure that they are constructed closely following the natural contour of the land and in accordance with the established technical standards.
The means of transport required depends on the proximity of a quarry or a supply of stones (cart or lorry).

Natural / human environment: This technique is designed for cropland, but can also be used on forest/rangeland. It is suitable for areas in the Sahel and the Sudan with rainfall ranging between 300 and 900 mm/year and low-to-medium gradient terrain.
When rainfall is high, they protect the land in the event of heavy rain, a phenomenon that tends to increase with climate change.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

Known as traditional method in some areas. Improved and up-scaled as part of numerous projects in many semi-arid countries. German Developmenmt Cooperation has used the technology from the 1980s onwards to combat desertification and improve natural resource management e.g. PDRT (Projet de développement rural de Tahoua - Tahoua Rural Development Project), PASP (Projet de protection intégrée des ressources agro-sylvo-pastorales Tillabéri-Nord - Project for the Integrated Protection of Agricultural, Forest and Rangeland Resources in Tillabéri-Nord) and several other projects of GIZ/KfW and other donors.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 农林牧业

注释:

major cash crop: Ground nut
major food crop: Millet
other: Sorghum, cow pea and mangoes

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): surface runoff, erosion by water and wind, fertility decline,

Nomadism: Yes

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: Yes

Cut-and-carry/ zero grazing: Yes

Improved pasture: Yes

Other grazingland: agropastoralism

Selective felling of (semi-) natural forests: Yes

Forest products and services: timber, fuelwood, fruits and nuts, grazing / browsing, other forest products / uses (honey, medical, etc.)

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: farmers are mainly agropastoralists with some communities specialised on pure pastoralism

Constraints of common grazing land

Constraints of forested government-owned land or commons

Livestock density: 1-10 LU /km2

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

注释:

Water supply: Also mixed rainfed - irrigated and post-flooding

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 横坡措施

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Et: loss of topsoil

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Unadapted landuse methods, reduced or abandoned fallow periods), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Neglect of fallow periods and crop rotation), droughts (due to heat waves and unreliable rainfall), population pressure (rapidly growing population increasing pressure on land), land tenure (insecure access to land and collectively managed communal land), poverty / wealth (very poor population)

Secondary causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (deforestation through overgrazing and fire wood collection), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (firewood collection), overgrazing (cattle, sheep and goats), change in temperature (Climate change: heat waves), change of seasonal rainfall (more variable onset of rain), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (more variable and intensive rains), wind storms / dust storms (frequent storms), floods (due to intensive rain storms), labour availability (some migration of men to nearby cities), education, access to knowledge and support services (high level of illiteracy)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Levelling and marking out the contour lines
2.	collecting stones and loading them onto carts
3.	transporting the stones by cart
4.	constructing the bunds
5.	applying manure

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Levelling and construction of bunds	ha	1.0	19.32	19.32
设备	Tools	ha	1.0	1.95	1.95
其它	Transport of stones	ha	1.0	15.07	15.07
技术建立所需总成本					36.34
技术建立总成本，美元					36.34

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Replacing stones dislodged by animals or water flow

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The exact cost per hectare of constructing stone bunds depends on the distance of the site from the quarry, the size of the quarry, the inclination of the terrain, which determines the spacing between the stone bunds, and the actual amount of stones transported in each lorryload. The prices below are provided as a guide.
Supply of quarry rock/stones: 24 m3 per 400 m of bund
Labour: 30 man-days per ha
• levelling and marking out the contour lines: 1 man-day
• collecting stones and loading them onto carts:
10 man-days
• transporting the stones by cart: 10 man-days
• constructing the bunds: 9 man-days
• applying manure.
Transportation by cart:
• 20 cartloads of stones
• 20 cartloads of manure (if used).
Transportation by lorry:
• 6 lorryloads (skip loader – 4.5 m3 per load).
Other costs: equipment (pickaxes, shovels, wheelbarrows, water-tube level, etc.).

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Landforms: Also footslopes and valley floors

Altitudinal zone: 200 m a.s.l.

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil texture (topsoil): Fine to medium (sandy to clayey loams)

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Ground water table: > 10 m

Availability of surface water: Surface runoff generated by limited but intense rainfalls

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 3% - 4%

(mostly poor households below poverty line).

Off-farm income specification: men migrate temporarily or permanently to cities for off-farm income, women and men seasonally carry out paid farm work

Market orientation of production system: Most households crop for subsistence (mainly for small agropastoralists) and surplus is sold on market (medium agropastoralists). Commercial markets: some vegetable growing and pastoralists.

Level of mechanization: Ox and donkey used for animal traction

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州
• 社区/村庄

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

注释:

traditional land use rights prevail. On fields individual land use rights, communal rights on pasture and forest land (collection of wood and other products (fruits, medicinal plants))

Land ownership: Also individual not titled

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	不好
局地风暴	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	不好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	未知

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 51-90%

注释:

Comments on acceptance with external material support: While in emergency programs erosion control structures are mostly implemented through cash/food for work this is not the case in natural resource programs. As concerns German Development Cooperation, cash/food for work has been used during the 80ies and 90ies to implement stone bunds. Thereafter most programs switched to a voluntary approach where only Tools and transport were provided but all labour has been provided by the beneficiaries without payment.

80% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The success of this measure and implementation on a wide scale depend to a large extent on whether grants are available to cover the cost of transporting the stones required to the site, good community organisation and the capacity of the community to mobilise the necessary labour, the contribution required from the farmers.
The farmers’ commitment to implementing the measure largely depends on whether they are allowed to choose the sites to be improved in their area. Forcing them to begin the improvement work upstream, as dictated by the traditional watershed development approach, has often proved counterproductive. Most communities prefer to improve individual plots first in order to achieve immediate effects on crop production and leave the treatment of forest/ rangeland areas as a second step.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
There is evidence that bunds that have been in place for over 15 years have positive effects on yields. Grain yields increase by more than 40% for millet up to 15 years after the bunds were established, and there is no evidence to suggest that yields decline with time. This can be explained by improved soil structure, which increases infiltration, even after the bunds are completely silted up.
The lifespan of a stone bund is over 20 years. There is a progressive build-up of sediment behind the bunds, resulting in the formation of terraces. Although the capacity of the bunds to retain water declines as the sediment builds up, soil infiltration capacity increases, thanks to improved soil structure, and the slope becomes gentler thanks to the terracing effect. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Farmers can maintain water retention capacity by raising the height of the existing bunds. In some places, farmers take the stones from the original bunds when a ridge of vegetation has been established and use them to form new bunds between the old ones.
The decrease in surface runoff in the treated area reduces the flow of floodwater and the amount of sediment carried by the water downstream, thereby protecting the fertile land in the valley bottoms from siltation and gully erosion. How can they be sustained / enhanced? In order to optimise the positive effects of stone bunds, it is important to ensure that they are constructed closely following the natural contour of the land and in accordance with the established technical standards.
In dry years, while unimproved land produces nothing, land protected by stone bunds can still produce a harvest. How can they be sustained / enhanced? When stone bunds are used in combination with zai planting pits, sorghum yields can increase by 114-124%. When used in conjunction with the application of the right amount of organic fertiliser, sorghum yields can be doubled.
Higher crop production improves household food security in proportion to the area of a farm improved with bunds. Under the PASP in Niger, an average of 16% of the area of a farm was improved with stone bunds, resulting in an increase of between 8% and 33% in annual output with no other additional measures.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
In wet years, the bunds may cause waterlogging in some parts of the field, which can adversely affect some crops.	If this happens, farmers must open up a gap in the bunds to drain off the water.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Good Practices in Soil and Water Conservation. A contribution to adaptation and farmers resilience towards climate change in the Sahel. Published by GIZ in 2012.

URL:

http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Main_Page