1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Decision Support for Mainstreaming and Scaling out Sustainable Land Management (GEF-FAO / DS-SLM)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Book project: where people and their land are safer - A Compendium of Good Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) (where people and their land are safer)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Land Development Department LDD (Land Development Department LDD) - 泰国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

The alteration of an inappropriate area from rice to vegetables, with a pump well installed for irrigation. Farmers could rotate the vegetables with paddy rice.

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Land use change from rice to vegetables was started by a group of farmers with the help of the LDD who provided irrigation from groundwater through a 28m deep bore hole. This enables the groundwater level to be lowered preventing salination in the discharge area lower down.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Changing flooded rice to salt-tolerant vegetable production as recommended by LDD researchers was started 25 years ago by a group of farmers at Ban Kaonoi Village, Pueaiyai Sub-district, Non Sila District, Khon Kaen Province. The land is located in the recharge area, which is nonsaline, with groundwater that has a salinity level of 0.7 dS/m. Groundwater that moves downslope picks up salt - and deposits salt in low-lying areas, causing off-site salinization. The LDD supports the land use change from rice to vegetables for higher income while at the same time lowering groundwater levels. When rice is grown through flood irrigation the groundwater level rises. With vegetables, farmers try to use minimal amounts of water to prevent salt accumulation – a weekly rate of 90 m3/rai (560 m3/ hectare). The objectives of changing rice to vegetables are to (a) decrease water use (b) get higher incomes from growing salt-tolerant vegetables, and (c) prevent off-site salinization. Without a drainage system, the following slightly to moderately salt-tolerant vegetables are recommended: varieties of basil (Ocimum spp), celery (Apium graviolens) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum). Planting starts with land preparation and making beds 1 m wide and 0.3 m high, mixed with 500 kg/rai (3125 kg/hectare cow dung, with 0.3m wide irrigation furrows between the beds.

The vegetables are divided into two groups: long- and short-duration crops. Long-duration crops (e.g. basil) take 5 months before harvest. The first crop is planted mid-January and harvested at the end of May; the second crop is planted mid-July, and harvested mid-December. The short-duration crops of coriander and Chinese celery need a 75-80 day growing period. The first sowing starts late January/ February and harvest is mid-April; the second sowing is late July, with harvest early October. Only short-duration crops can be planted after the rice harvest in December or earlier. Maintenance includes weeding (by hand) and fertilizer application. Labour is required for supplementary irrigation - by spraying water on the leaves as required – and once a week irrigation is applied through the furrows. The costs and benefits are calculated; the costs include seed, fertilizer, and labour for land preparation, planting, irrigation, maintenance, and harvesting. The farmers favor the technology because the crops can grow well in such circumstances and the products meet the market’s demand. In such way, farmers get higher income compared with rice, while crop residues and weeds can be used as animal feed.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新
• 通过项目/外部干预

• as part of a traditional system over 25 years

注释（项目类型等）:

Technology was developed by the farmers and disseminated in the area as a traditional system and then further developed and disseminated through the project by Land Development Department Region 5.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Farmer constructed the pump well where they plant vegetables. Also, they can use the pump well for paddy rice in a drought year such as in 2018.

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

注释:

Vegetables were mainly growing in some paddy areas in the uplands. Moreover, farmers will grow vegetables after rice harvesting in lowland fields.

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

注释:

The area is under rainfed agriculture but farmers set up the pump well to support cultivation.

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 轮作制度（轮作、休耕、轮垦）
• 农畜综合管理
• 地下水管理

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Farmers applied farmyard manure for soil improvement in the vegetable area. All or most households keep cattle so they have manure for such use.

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

The area where such technology is applied is located in a slightly saline and recharge zone.

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 适应土地退化

注释:

Reducing and adapting to land degradation and climate change.

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

THB

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

32.0

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Drilling a pump well	May-July
2.	Preparation of plots to produce vegetable seedlings	May-July
3.	Vegetable planting	May-July
4.	Fertilizer application	before planting

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Preparing vegetable garden	rai	1.0	1200.0	1200.0
劳动力	Harvesting cost	person	12.0	300.0	3600.0
植物材料	Parsley seeds	gram	300.0	0.183	54.9
植物材料	Celery seeds	gram	400.0	1.375	550.0
植物材料	Sweet basil seeds	gram	800.0	0.25	200.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Compost 1.25 THB/kg, application rate 1,000 kg/rai	time	1.0	1252.0	1252.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Urea fertilizer 12 THB/kg, application rate 50 kg/rai	time	1.0	600.0	600.0
技术建立所需总成本					7456.9
技术建立总成本，美元					233.03

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Land Development Department

注释:

Note: where a well is dug the cost is USD 310 (approx)

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Fertilizer application	2 times/crop
2.	Irrigation for parsley and celery	90 days/crop
3.	Irrigation for sweet basil	180 days/crop

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Irrigation for parsley and celery	day	16.875	300.0	5062.5
劳动力	Irrigation for sweet basil	day	11.25	300.0	3375.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Urea fertilizer 12 THB/kg, application rate 25 kg/rai	time	5.0	300.0	1500.0
技术维护所需总成本					9937.5
技术维护总成本，美元					310.55

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Drilling a pump well because water is the most important factor for the production.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

是

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		减少	好
年降雨量		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• > 50%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 51-90%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

若是，说明它适应了哪些变化的条件:

• 劳动力可用性（例如，由于迁移）

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Get higher income from land use change from rice to vegetables.
Decrease water use compared to rice cultivation.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Lowering groundwater level.
Increasing farmer income.
Prevents salination at the discharged low-lying area.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Farmers need to find the market by themselves.	Expanding the vegetable plantation area will draw merchants to come and buy in the community.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Some farmers prefer rice cultivation to growing vegetables.	Provide more information on land use change and create understanding of salination effects by the farmer.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Land Development Department

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

http://www.ldd.go.th/

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide

URL:

https://www.wocat.net/library/media/27/

标题/说明:

where people and their land are safer - A Compendium of Good Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) (where people and their land are safer)

URL:

https://www.wocat.net/en/projects-and-countries/projects/drr

7.4 一般注释

The questionnaire is very complicated.