1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

The applied technology avoids the application of chemicals by mechanical weed removal.

1.5 参考关于SLM方法（使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法）的调查问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Thistles invaded massively into village pasture land at 1800m elevation in the Caucasus. By cutting the thistles with a motor-cutter the cover of thistles have been reduced.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The technology was applied in flat sub-alpine pasture land at an elevation of about 1800 m in the village of Shenako in the Tusheti Protected Landscape, Georgia. Precipitation is 750-900mm and mean annual temperature is 2-4°C. Thistles (Cirsium sp.) were invading especially in those sections of the pasture that are rich in nutrients and have medium soil water content. This site conditions can be found mainly at the valley bottom.
There are no big machines available in this mountain villages. So the removal was done by motor-cutters. In this particular case STIHL petrol brush cutters were used with a 3 blade bush knife.
The removal of the thistles, which were covering up to 20% of the pasture land will increase the productivity of valuable fodder grass and herbs. The thistles are growing up to 1m height and taking up significant amount of nutrients from the soil and are shading other grass and herbs in their neighborhood. Because of their spices they are not eaten by cows or sheep, while the grazing pressure is increasing on the remaining grass and herb species. This leads to positive selection of thistles and a permanent increase of the thistles number and biomass in comparison to the high quality fodder plants.
The thistles have been cut in mid-June/beginning of July just at the begin of blossom. At this stage, the thistles mobilized most of the nutrients from their root system and spent them in leaf and blossom biomass. By cutting the thistles at this time, the highest impact on the nutrient balance can be reached and no new seeds will be produced in this year. It was observed, that the thistles have been eaten by the livestock when it was cut and dried up.
The motor brush cutter increases significantly the speed of cutting the thistles compared to hand scythe. The thistle has a powerful root system and is re-sprouting from the roots within the same summer. So it is important to repeat the cutting 2-3 times a year and to continue several years until the amount of thistles is permanently reduced.
The reduction of thistles will give more space, nutrients and moisture to other fodder plants and increase the productivity of the pasture land.
The challenge is the coordination of the work load within the users of the community pasture land. It needs a (written) agreement to share the workload for pasture maintenance between the families according to their number of livestock.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

乔治亚

区域/州/省:

Kakheti

有关地点的进一步说明:

Shenako

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果技术均匀分布在一个区域，则指定覆盖的区域（单位为平方千米）:

0.02

如果不知道精确的区域，请注明大致覆盖的区域:

• < 0.1 平方千米（10 公顷）

技术现场是否位于永久保护区？:

是

如果是，请具体说明:

The village of Shenako is located in the Tusheti Protected Landscape. This category is managed by the Municipality of Akhmeta.

注释:

The number of families using the village pastureland for their livestock has decreased during the last decades. In former times the 200 ha of open land around the village was used as arable land and hay meadows and the livestock was grazed on remote pastures.

Map

×

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2018

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

The weed control was funded and applied within a GEF Projected coordinated by REC Caucasus ("Applying Landscape and Sustainable Land Management (L-SLM) for mitigating land degradation and contributing to poverty reduction in rural areas"). It can be assumed, that there have been community based regulation on pasture maintenance before the Soviet period, but this regulations have not been re-established after this period.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

牧场

粗放式放牧:

• 季节性迁移的放牧主义

动物类型:

• 牛 - 奶制品
• 马
• 绵羊

是否实行作物与牲畜的综合管理？:

否

产品和服务:

• 肉类
• 奶类

品种:

牛 - 奶制品

计数:

70

品种:

绵羊

计数:

400

品种:

马

计数:

30

品种:

牛 - 非奶牛牛肉

计数:

35

注释:

The area of implementation is community pasture land.

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 畜牧业和牧场管理

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

管理措施

• M5：物种组成的控制/变化

注释:

The technology aims to reduce the amount of thistles in the species composition of the pasture.

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

生物性退化

• Bs：质量和物种组成/多样性的下降

注释:

The degradation of the pastures is driven by the spreading of thistles. This process leads to a reduction of plant-diversity (shading) and fodder production.

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化

注释:

Cutting thistles is an measure for weed-control and reduces the risk of overgrazing be increasing the available area and amount of fodder plants.

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

技术规范（与技术图纸相关）:

The activity was applied on two plots. Plot 6 is 0.7 ha of size and located in the unfenced area. Plot 7 is 1.3 ha of size and located inside an electric fence. The hatched area (8) is indicating the fenced area.

作者:

Hanns Kirchmeir

日期:

20/03/2019

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.3 技术建立活动

注释:

When working with a hand-held brush cutter it is recommended to start in those areas with less thistles and work into the direction of dense thistle stands. When working with a tractor or a sickle bar mower it is more efficient to apply the activity in dens thistle stands.

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

The equipment (brush cutters) and labour costs have been carried by international project (GIZ-IBiS Program, GEF funded SML Project)

4.5 维护/经常性活动

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

注释:

The ongoing maintenance has to be covered by the local farmers

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The investment in the brush cutter will only pay off if large parts of pastures are managed.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 凹陷情况

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

The most dense thistle populations are observed on the flat valley floors and concave depressions at the slopes where the soil is rich in nutrients and has well balanced soil moisture.

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Detailed soil data not available.

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Only in years with low precipitation there is water shortage in August and September.

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

The high grazing pressure leads to medium plant species diversity.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

The village is only occupied during summer time (June-September). One of the farmers stays in the village during winter time.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄

土地使用权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

否

注释:

The pasture land is in municipal land and managed by the community.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

注释:

Most important of-farm income is tourism (guesthouses, crafts).

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

对现场影响的评估（测量）进行具体说明:

The impact of the weed control on the productivity will increase when the vitality of thistles will be further reduced by frequently repetition of cutting.

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

The dissemination of thistles seeds in the surrounding areas is reduced, when thistles are cut before blossom.

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

注释:

These sites at the valley bottom have high soil moisture content and did not show significant impact of climate change in the last decade.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

The productivity of the pastureland is 2-3t/ha per year. The removal of thistles can lead on the long term to an increase of fodder by 20% (400-600kg/ha per year). This is equivalent to 15-20 hay-bales a 3 USD (total 45-60 USD/ha and year). The amount of time for cutting the thistles and the needed patrol will decrease when during the next years so a positive balance between investment and return is expected.

6.5 技术采用

• 单例/实验

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

It will take 2-3 years to show the full success of the measure. It needs a to negotiate new regulations on village level to agree on how to share the workload for pasture maintenance between the households according to the number of cattle.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.4 一般注释

REC Caucasus was implementing the project in close cooperation with the Protected Landscape Administration at the Municipality.
A cost-benefit analysis is planned to be prepared in the next phase