1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Land Development Department LDD (Land Development Department LDD) - 泰国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

Organic vegetable production is a technology that prevents and restores land degradation due to soil management emphasized in using organic and natural materials to improve soil fertility and productivity, especially in terms of soil organic matter.

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Organic vegetable cultivation on the highland area of the northern region of Thailand has been encouraged by local officers in order to produce safe food on degraded land through building up soil fertility and soil organic matter.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

This case study is of organic vegetable cultivation at Ban Muang Ang Village which is located in Ban Luang Sub-district, Chom Thong District, Chiang Mai Province, covering approx. 25,881 Rai (6.25 rai = 1 ha; 625 rai = 1 sq km). The topography is a complex mountainous area within the Doi Inthanon National Park, at an elevation of 600-800 m asl. The climate is quite cool and humid with average temperature throughout the year being 20⁰C. The average annual rainfall is 2,000-2,100 mm. Most of the population belong to the Pakhayo hilltribe, living in 219 households, with total population of 588 persons (308 males, 280 females). The main purpose of promoting growing organic vegetables in greenhouses is to change their way of life from forest encroachment/ shifting cultivation in the upper watershed, to improving the ecosystem services and environment with better health and higher incomes for villagers.
Since 2002, the government and the Royal Project Foundation have had a policy to change land use to organic farming. At the early stage, yields of organic vegetables were not good. In the year 2010, the Inthanon Royal Agricultural Station brought a number of these land users to visit the Mae Tho Royal Project Development Center in Bo Sali Sub-district, Hot District, Chiang Mai Province. They obtained knowledge about organic cultivation in simple greenhouses made from bamboo poles, covered with plastic sheets and nylon nets. Local officers of the Inthanon Royal Agricultural Station supported with education, offered suggestions and recommended practices, as well as finding markets to sell the organic products; that became the model. It took only 25-30 days for a crop, and they could harvest about 200 kg of vegetables per greenhouse. They could produce 11 crops of vegetables in one year, which means that they could earn 10 times more income than before. At present, Muang Ang Village there are 153 members operating in 270 greenhouses which is the largest organic vegetable production area in the Inthanon Royal Project.
The production of organic vegetables in this area is outstanding. This network has received certification from the Department of Agriculture (DOA) and the Office of Organic Agriculture Certification Thailand (ACT Organic). Farmers or farming enterprises certified by this system are entitled to apply the logos and certification card of ACT Organic and IFOAM Accredited brand on their products. Moreover, the Agri-Food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore (AVA) has approved the production processes. Every production step has been approved through the standard regulation of each agency with tracking to the source of production inputs such as fertilizers, disease, weed and pest control measures, cultivation practices, etc. Now they have nine types of vegetables that constitute the main production: Choy, Baby Emperor, Cos Salad, Green Oak, Red Oak, Fille Iceberg, String Bean, Kale Hong Kong and Baby Carrot.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2002

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

All knowledge and technology is supported by the Royal Project collaboration with Land Development Department and other government and private agencies.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 保护生态系统
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

In the past, villagers had encroached on forest areas and deforestation in highland for shifting cultivation, and also expand cultivation area into steep slope. Resulting in the destruction of forest areas and accelerated soil degradation. Villagers have low incomes: not enough to survive. But due to the grace of His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej, King Rama 9 set up the Royal Project to distribute knowledge and education to all farmers in this area, and assist them to have better occupation and living standards.

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

注释:

The Royal Project has promoted the production of organic vegetables. Farmers therefore have changed from shifting cultivation to organic agriculture with sustainable soil management. As well as returning from forest areas and conserving soil, water and forest resources, maintaining ecological balance, this all makes villagers lives better. According to the cultivation schedule provided by the Royal Project, this area can cultivated throughout the year due to the development of irrigation systems from the storage tank in the upper part and supply to each plot of this targeted area.

3.4 供水

其它（比如洪水后）:

• water from watershed area

注释:

Water resources are obtained from watercourses in the watershed, with a small dam which collects water in a reservoir. A PVC pipe is connected from the reservoir to individual plots and this irrigation system allows allocation to every farmer by the water management group.

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 轮作制度（轮作、休耕、轮垦）
• 病虫害综合管理（包括有机农业）
• 灌溉管理（包括供水、排水）

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

-

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Organic vegetable production in greenhouses can solve the problem of soil erosion with utilization of compost, animal and green manure to increase fertility and organic matter.

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

注释:

This organic vegetable production on very steep land can prevent and reduce soil erosion. Moreover, organic material and fertilizers can restore and improve soil fertility and productivity.

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Baht (THB)

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

32.0

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Establish organic vegetables group	The first year of cultivation
2.	Site selection	Before cultivation
3.	Construct greenhouse or nursery	Before cultivation
4.	Production work plan	Before cultivation
5.	Procurement of production factors	Before cultivation
6.	Soil preparation and improvement	During soil preparation
7.	Vegetables seedling preparation	During soil preparation
8.	Plantation	During vegetables planting
9.	Disease and pest control	During vegetables planting
10.	Vegetable harvesting	During harvesting
11.	Screening and packing	After harvesting
12.	Technology maintenance	After harvesting

注释:

-

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Construct greenhouse	man	10.0	300.0	3000.0	100.0
劳动力	During cultivation	man	6.0	300.0	1800.0	100.0
劳动力	During maintenance	man	45.0	300.0	13500.0	100.0
劳动力	During harvesting	man	10.0	300.0	3000.0	100.0
设备	Rubber pipe	piece	1.0	1000.0	1000.0	100.0
设备	Tractor for soil preparation	Rai	1.0	300.0	300.0	100.0
植物材料	Vegetables seed	site	1.0	700.0	700.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Animal manure (cow manure)	bag	20.0	30.0	600.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	BT bio-product	litre				100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Predators and parasites	-
肥料和杀菌剂	Insect glue trap	liter	0.5	290.0	145.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Yellow plastic plate	piece	60.0	5.0	300.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Yellow plastic bag	litre	0.5	120.0	60.0	100.0
施工材料	Wood frame / mesh net / plastic cloth	site	1.0	14700.0	14700.0	40.0
施工材料	PVC pipe	piece	40.0	40.0	1600.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					40705.0
技术建立总成本，美元					1272.03

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Construction greenhouse cost, land users support 40%, and Organic Vegetable Production Fund support 60% of this cost.

注释:

Labor cost in greenhouse construction, greenhouse materials, which land users would only pay for the first year, but they do not pay for the second year and do not much towards repair cost.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Changing the plastic sheet of the roof of greenhouse	3,000 baht per greenhouse every 3 years
2.	Washing the plastic sheet of the greenhouse roof	Once a year

注释:

-

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Changing plastic sheets	man	3.0	300.0	900.0	100.0
劳动力	Wash plastic sheets	man	3.0	300.0	900.0	100.0
施工材料	Plastic sheet (change every 3 years)	roll	1.0	3700.0	3700.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					5500.0
技术维护总成本，美元					171.88

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Land users purchase 100%

注释:

Land users purchase 100%

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The most important factor that affects other costs is seed. Manure must be purchased from standard organic source. The Royal Project provides standard seed, and animal manure must be purchased from other provinces that require natural cultivation farming. The source of the materials used can be traced back to the original provider. Labor factors are not impacted because they can help each other, and land users work together in each greenhouse.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 凸形情况

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Most of the area is mountainous slope complex, with a steep slope and attitude is 1,200-1,400 meters above sea level. The forest condition is good, and some areas of the Doi Inthanon is national park and some is in national forest reserve.

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil pH is 5.5-6.0

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Water flows from the watershed area of the upper forest, and not flow through the conventional agricultural area.

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Biodiversity in this area has a variety of insects. There are both pests and predators.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users can cultivate organic vegetables and earning more income, where young generation in the village become interested and help their families to cultivate organic vegetables. Moreover these young generation who have graduated from university like to become farmers and do not leave to other occupations.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

具体说明:

-

注释:

Land users in this area are Lawa hill tribe who migrated from different places to settle here. The main occupation is agriculture under crop rotation, some harvesting of forest products, and some animals. They have not right in landownership but they have right to utilize their land and water for agricultural activities under the Royal Project.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

注释:

-

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

对现场影响的评估（测量）进行具体说明:

The main objective of organic vegetables cultivation is to increase their income and produce green vegetable products, they can work throughout the year with higher income with the less of area.

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

Moreover, land users in the upstream area would cultivate in organic vegetables with bioproducts of disease and pest control, where it would safe to the downstream area.

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度			适度
季节性温度	夏季		不好
季节性温度	湿季/雨季		好
季节性温度	冬季		好
年降雨量			好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	适度
局地雷暴	适度

生物灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
流行病	非常不好
昆虫/蠕虫侵扰	非常不好

注释:

-

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• > 50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

Land users are 153 members, with 270 greenhouses

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

In the first stage some of land user cultivated organic vegetables without greenhouses, then they lost their grain. After they had train and study trip, they improve their implement and construct greenhouse.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Promoting occupation and income earning of land users in this area.
All land users have been well trained; they receive consistent knowledge and suggestions from local officers and several agencies.
All land users produce certified organic vegetables that are green and are sold as organic food in the market.
They established the community enterprises of organic vegetables producer group.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Encouraging organic vegetable production is the activity of the government and the Royal Project in order to conserve this highland area with the intensive management.
Members of the land users community trust and assist each other with willingness to share the knowledge and experience in organic farming practices.
As a model of self-sufficient agriculture, they should have more income from the sustainable use of their land.
Establish and strengthen the community network to carry out and extend to others in this area.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
They are allowed to use the land for cultivating organic vegetables.	The government policy needs to have stability and consistency in using this land for a long time.
They need educational opportunity for their children.	The government needs to set up more schools in this area, and also to provide more chance to study in the higher level.
They need to have opportunity to access energy resources, especially in electricity.	Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA) has allocated budget for installing small electrical systems.
Transportation and road conditions are not convenient to access this area.	Local administrative organizations should be allocated more budget to develop such infrastructure.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
They do not have land ownership but they are allowed to use their land.	The government has a policy to "Issue a community land title deed" to solve this problem.
Almost of them cannot produce such as manure, compost, insect repellents by themselves.	Local officers have supported the knowledge and financial advice.
Almost of them cannot find organic product market by themselves.	establishment their cooperatives or network to promote in marketing.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

-

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

-

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

The North attitude: Ang village cultivate vegetables to the forest

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKLG2ImGwDE

标题/说明:

Organic vegetables at Ang village, Joam Tong Sub-district

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ALL9jJYzVyI

标题/说明:

Regional 4.0: ภูมิภาค 3.0: Ang village cultivate vegetables to the forest

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6u02SB_53IM

7.4 一般注释

-