Retention ponds [斯洛文尼亚]
- 创建：
- 更新：
- 编制者： Gregor Kramberger
- 编辑者： –
- 审查者： William Critchley, Rima Mekdaschi Studer
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technologies_5933 - 斯洛文尼亚
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全部展开 全部收起1. 一般信息
1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式
SLM专业人员:
SLM专业人员:
Istenič Darja
Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana
斯洛文尼亚
SLM专业人员:
Škerjanec Mateja
Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana
斯洛文尼亚
SLM专业人员:
Banovec Primož
Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana
斯洛文尼亚
SLM专业人员:
Curk Miha
Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana
斯洛文尼亚
SLM专业人员:
Cvejić Rozalija
Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana
斯洛文尼亚
土地使用者:
Purgaj Donik Biserka
Fruit center Maribor (demonstrartion plantation centre), Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Maribor
斯洛文尼亚
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）
OPtimal strategies to retAIN and re-use water and nutrients in small agricultural catchments across different soil-climatic regions in Europe (OPTAIN)有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）
Chamber of Agriculture and Forestry of Slovenia – Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Maribor (KGZS) - 斯洛文尼亚有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）
University of Ljubljana (UL) - 斯洛文尼亚1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件
编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:
是
1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明
这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:
否
注释:
With improper implementation and intended use, it can have a negative effect on sustainability in the environment. It can be sustainable if properly anticipated/planned. The construction of the pond is usually subject to an environmental impact assessment where these matters are resolved as to whether it is sustainable or not.
2. SLM技术的说明
2.1 技术简介
技术定义:
Retention ponds (e.g. flood storage reservoirs, shallow impoundments) are water bodies, storing water to attenuate surface runoff during rainfall events. They provide storage as well as improving water quality. Retention ponds may also be used for irrigation of farmland.
2.2 技术的详细说明
说明:
“Retention ponds” comprise both simple, small ponds (up to 2000 m3, up to 4 m deep) and larger, more complex reservoirs (greater than 2000 m3). Retention ponds are designed to provide storage capacity to attenuate surface runoff during rainfall events. Each consists of a permanent ponded area with landscaped banks. Retention ponds achieve both storm water attenuation and water quality treatment through supplementary storage capacity of runoff. Water is then released at a controlled rate once the risk of flooding has passed. The technology can be applied in a natural or human environment. Before construction of a pond it is essential to follow legislation, which covers conditions and restrictions for the given location. Once a site is selected, technical documentation is prepared: first the conceptual design, then documentation for obtaining opinion, consent and a building permit. Later there is also project documentation for implementation. If the water is to be used for other purposes as well (e.g. for irrigation), it is necessary to plan for usage and environmental impact. Retention and still water promotes pollutant removal through sedimentation, while aquatic vegetation and biological uptake mechanisms offer additional treatment. Retention ponds are effective in removing urban pollutants and improving water quality.
They are created either by using an existing natural depression, or by excavating a new depression, or by constructing embankments. Existing natural water bodies should not be used however, due to the risk that pollution events and poorer water quality might disturb/damage the natural ecology of the system. A great benefit of retention ponds is that they hold water when there is an excess of it, which can be used later when water is not available (e.g. for irrigation). Irrigation users are farmers, so they see the advantage of using a retention system. In addition to irrigation, water has also been needed in recent years for anti-frost systems (sprinkling a consistent layer of water on the crop during an entire frost event until temperatures are back to safe levels). Disadvantages are mainly restrictions in some areas (e.g. protected areas), preparation of demanding documentation and bureaucracy, and lengthy procedures for obtaining permits.
2.3 技术照片
媒体库
2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点
国家:
斯洛文尼亚
区域/州/省:
Podravska region, Slovenia
有关地点的进一步说明:
Pesnica
具体说明该技术的分布:
- 适用于特定场所/集中在较小区域
技术现场是否位于永久保护区？:
否
注释:
Setting up a measure in a protected area is limited and very difficult due to construction restrictions in such an environment.
Map
×2.6 实施日期
如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:
- 10-50年前
2.7 技术介绍
详细说明该技术是如何引入的:
- 作为传统系统的一部分（> 50 年）
- 通过项目/外部干预
注释（项目类型等）:
In the 1990s, the state financed the construction of several water reservoirs in the area.
3. SLM技术的分类
3.1 该技术的主要目的
- 改良生产
- 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
- 降低灾害风险
- 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
- 创造有益的经济影响
3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型
同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:
否
水道、水体、湿地
- 池塘、大坝
主要产品/服务:
Retention of water, collection of water. Retention ponds are ponds or basins designed with additional storage capacity to attenuate surface runoff during rainfall events. In dry years, the water can be used for agriculture, e.g. for irrigation.
3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？
由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:
- 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）
同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:
否
水道、水体、湿地
- 排水管道、水道
- 沼泽、湿地
3.4 供水
该技术所应用土地的供水:
- 雨养
3.5 该技术所属的SLM组
- 集水
- 灌溉管理（包括供水、排水）
- 地表水管理（泉、河、湖、海）
3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施
结构措施
- S5：大坝、集水斗、水池
3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型
土壤水蚀
- Wt：表土流失/地表侵蚀
- Wg：冲沟侵蚀/沟蚀
- Wo：场外劣化效应
生物性退化
- Bc：植被覆盖的减少
- Bh：栖息地丧失
- Bq：数量/生物量减少
- Bs：质量和物种组成/多样性的下降
- Bp：害虫/疾病增加，捕食者减少
水质恶化
- Ha：干旱化
- Hs：地表水良变化
- Hg：地下水/含水层水位的变化
- Hp：地表水水质下降
- Hq：地下水水质下降
3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化
具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:
- 防止土地退化
注释:
To prevent erosion.
4. 技术规范、实施活动、投入和成本
4.1 该技术的技术图纸
技术规范（与技术图纸相关）:
Water retention pond – excavation scheme. R is the top radius of pond, while r is the base radius; h is the height and a refers to the bank slope. Storage volume is estimated by radius r and height h (Figure). We consider potential storage volumes of 5,000 m3 to 10,000 m3.
Prior to start of construction, detention/retention ponds should be designed by a registered design professional. Plans and specifications should be referred to by field personnel throughout the construction process. When placing a detention/retention pond in a space in the first phase it is necessary to produce a conceptual design of the intended construction of a pond, which must show the purpose and goals of the retaining wall, the size of the pond, the location, a list of plots that are encroached upon, distances from neighboring land and neighboring buildings, anticipated activities in the impoundment area, impoundment volume, barrier size data, including stability assessment, and geotechnical data (Hočuršćak 2017). When planning construction of the pond, attention should be paid primarily to the impact on the actual use of space from the point of view of water management regulations, which defines the area of use and activity restrictions, due to the possible negative impact on water and coastal lands, aquatic habitats and the ecosystem created by the construction of the reservoir. After talking with the designer, in order to obtain a water permit and consent from the authorities, it is necessary to prepare technical documentation for the installation and construction, which must also include the basis for monitoring operation and maintenance (Hočuršćak 2017). The technical documentation (dimensioning of the reservoir) may differ from the microlocation and purpose or use of the measure, e.g. if pool is intended only to contain high water, sediment or debris laoding, will it be inhabited by aquatic animals, will water be used for irrigation, drinking, etc. We also consider the shape and size of the area to identify those better suited for allocating ponds also in terms of space availability. For example, it is necessary to exclude locations with a greater slope and distance from the river considering higher slope and distance is more difficult and costly to construct. We also exclude locations where the construction of a pond is not possible because they are too narrow or too small. We should consider water retention ponds as elements of a green infrastructure network together with other natural elements (e.g. vegetated riparian zones) and protected areas (e.g. Natura, 2000 sites) with a pond design that embeds features that enhance their ecological functionality. These include mild-sloped sides with vegetated buffers along the shorelines and vegetated floating islands that facilitate the nesting of birds. We refer to excavated ponds, with no weirs or dams, since inline ponds are more costly and may have negative ecological impacts (A. Staccione et al. 2021).
Presentation of the water reservoir at the Sadjarski Center Maribor (translated: Fruit Growing Center Maribor):
The Sadjarski Center Maribor is located on a sloping terrain, which is pedologically and configuratively quite diverse, with slopes ranging from 5-15%. The soil structure is clayey loam with a basaltic substrate. In the lower, flatter part, the soil was waterlogged, which was resolved through drainage systems. These drains are directed towards a drainage ditch, which serves as the foundation for the pond and is fed by two smaller springs. The intake point is located at the lowest point and at the southernmost part of the complex. It covers an area of 3000 m2 and has a depth of up to 3.8 m. Its capacity is 5500 m3 of water when fully filled. At its southern part, there is a concrete overflow structure (spillway) with a height of 3.8 m, which is used to drain excess water and regulate the water level. A concrete pipe, 20 m in length and 80 cm in diameter, is connected to it for the discharge of excess water. On the western side, a concrete pumping platform with a canopy and an oil trap has been constructed. It houses a 185 kW (252 HP) DAF diesel generator and a Capprari flow pump with a capacity of 300 l/min (18.0 m3/h). The pumping unit is used for filling the reservoir of the irrigation fertigation system.
作者:
A. Staccione et al.
日期:
2021
技术规范（与技术图纸相关）:
Ponds should contain the following zones (NWRM.eu, retention ponds):
- a sediment forebay or other form of upstream pre-treatment system (i.e. as part of an upstream management train of sustainable drainage components),
- a permanent pool which will remain wet throughout the year and is the main treatment zone,
- a temporary storage volume for flood attenuation, created through landscaped banks to the permanent pool,
- a shallow zone or aquatic bench which is a shallow area along the edge of the permanent pool to support wetland planting, providing ecology, amenity and safety benefits.
Additional pond design features should include an emergency spillway for safe overflow when storage capacity is exceeded, maintenance access, a safety bench, and appropriate landscaping (NWRM.eu, retention ponds).
NWRM.eu, retention ponds suggest;
- The ratio of flow path length to width in the pond should be between 3:1 and 5:1. Inlets and outlets should be placed to maximise the flow path length through the pond.
- Ponds should be wedge-shaped in plan so flow enters the pond and gradually spreads out, improving the sedimentation process and potential improvement in water quality.
- The depth of the permanent pool should be between 1.2 m and 2.0 m. Deeper pools may be subject to stratification and anoxic conditions. Shallower pools may be prone to algal blooms and high biological activity during summer months.
- Side slopes should not be steeper than 1:3 to ensure public safety and maintenance access.
- Residence time of permanent pond should be at least 20 days to allow for biological treatment of dissolved pollutants where this is required.
- Additional storage volume drained in 24-72 hours after the rainfall event depending on the intensity and duration of the storm and the design specifications of the pond
- Outfall design should be such that at least 50% of the maximum storage volume is discharged within 24 hours to allow for multiple events
- Retention ponds should ideally be combined with upstream sustainable drainage components, such as smaller detention basins and swales, which offer primary treatment and sediment management.
- Regular inspection and maintenance is important for the effective operation of ponds as designed.
Regular maintenance activities include litter and debris removal; vegetation maintenance (including cutting of bank and aquatic vegetation and removal of nuisance plants); inlet/outlet inspection and maintenance; and sediment removal from forebay (where applicable). Less frequent maintenance may include sediment removal from permanent pond; repairs; ongoing inspections and monitoring.
Appropriate signage to warn of water depth must be included for public safety.
4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息
具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:
- 每个技术单元
指定单位:
pond
指定单位面积（如相关）:
5500
其它/国家货币（具体说明）:
EUR
如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:
0.97
注明雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:
90.90
4.3 技术建立活动
| 活动 | 时间（季度） | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Costs of obtaining construction, technical and project documentation | 1-2 years before before starting construction |
| 2. | Construction of a pond | 1st year |
| 3. | Costs of supervision of construction and craftsmanship | 1st year |
4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入
如果您无法分解上表中的成本，请估算建立该技术所需要的总成本。:
73600.0
如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:
The construction of a water reservoir can be subsidized from various sources (EU, state, municipalities, etc.). The largest share of support can be obtained through the Rural Development Program, where an investment can receive support ranging from 30% to 50% of eligible project cost (establishment cost).
注释:
The costs include excavation costs and bottom waterproofing costs. Determining the exact establishment costs for the entire project was challenging due to variations in location, topography, size, shape, dimensions, materials, soil permeability, and other factors. The specific establishment cost for the retention pond at the case study location is not available or relevant, as it would be significantly lower than the cost of constructing such a pond today (due to inflation). Therefore, we decided to use projected values based on the maximum eligible costs set by the Ministry of Agriculture for grant applications, which amount to 13.38 €/m3 (2016). This value represents the justified project cost for constructing the retention pond. In this scenario, the estimated establishment cost for a typical 5000 m3 pond would be 66,900.00 €.
4.5 维护/经常性活动
| 活动 | 时间/频率 | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Energy for pumping | annually |
| 2. | water fee | annually |
| 3. | Maintenance costs (vegetation management, inspections, infrastructure maintenance, mulching, invasive species removal, pumping the entire pond for cleaning and sediment removal, sludge cleaning, monitoring, bank stabilization, replacement of damaged parts, and sealing, etc.) | annually |
4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）
如果您无法分解上表中的成本，请估算维护该技术所需要的总成本。:
3000.0
注释:
Obtaining precise costs for maintaining the pond and its surroundings is challenging, as it involves various factors. The costs can include anything from labor hours and manual mowing around the pond to considering professionals for inspections, infrastructure maintenance, mulching, invasive species removal, pumping the entire reservoir for cleaning and sediment removal, sludge cleaning, monitoring, bank stabilization, replacement of damaged parts, sealing, and more. The exact costs are difficult to determine due to the highly diverse infrastructure present in different locations. We have estimated the costs per square meter of the area under maintenance, which includes both the surrounding land and the water surface. If it's only about cleaning the surroundings of the reservoir, we consider only the land area. However, if it involves cleaning within the reservoir, we also take into account the water surface area. The best rough estimates we have range from 1 to 5 € per square meter.
4.7 影响成本的最重要因素
描述影响成本的最决定性因素:
Construction costs are affected by the shape, size, depth and microlocation of the pond layout. In addition, the cost is also influenced by the purpose of use (e.g. if pool is intended only to contain high water, sediment or debris laoding, will it be inhabited by aquatic animals, will water be used for irrigation, drinking, etc.). Geomechanically conditions are also important, because ponds and reservoirs can affect slope stability and induce landslides. The value of the investment can vary greatly depending on the design of the pond, location, water content of the area, soil structure, climate conditions,... so it is impossible to determine the exact values for pond construction, but we can only give an estimation.
5. 自然和人文环境
5.1 气候
年降雨量
- < 250毫米
- 251-500毫米
- 501-750毫米
- 751-1,000毫米
- 1,001-1,500毫米
- 1,501-2,000毫米
- 2,001-3,000毫米
- 3,001-4,000毫米
- > 4,000毫米
指定年平均降雨量（若已知），单位为mm:
1080.00
有关降雨的规范/注释:
The most precipitation falls in summer, the months with the highest average precipitation are June and August, the least precipitation falls in winter, in January and February at least, and in principle more precipitation falls in autumn than in spring.
注明所考虑的参考气象站名称:
Jareninski vrh (1981 – 2010)
农业气候带
- 半湿润
Mean annual temperature in year 2014 Jareninski vrh is 11,9°C.
5.2 地形
平均坡度:
- 水平（0-2%）
- 缓降（3-5%）
- 平缓（6-10%）
- 滚坡（11-15%）
- 崎岖（16-30%）
- 陡峭（31-60%）
- 非常陡峭（>60%）
地形:
- 高原/平原
- 山脊
- 山坡
- 山地斜坡
- 麓坡
- 谷底
垂直分布带:
- 0-100 m a.s.l.
- 101-500 m a.s.l.
- 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
- 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
- 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
- 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
- 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
- 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
- > 4,000 m a.s.l.
说明该技术是否专门应用于:
- 凹陷情况
关于地形的注释和进一步规范:
There are depressions, settlements are in the valley, concave type.
5.3 土壤
平均土层深度:
- 非常浅（0-20厘米）
- 浅（21-50厘米）
- 中等深度（51-80厘米）
- 深（81-120厘米）
- 非常深（> 120厘米）
土壤质地（表土）:
- 中粒（壤土、粉土）
- 细粒/重质（粘土）
土壤质地（地表以下> 20厘米）:
- 中粒（壤土、粉土）
- 细粒/重质（粘土）
表土有机质:
- 中（1-3%）
5.4 水资源可用性和质量
地下水位表:
5-50米
地表水的可用性:
好
水质（未处理）:
仅供农业使用（灌溉）
水质请参考：:
地表水
水的盐度有问题吗？:
否
该区域正在发生洪水吗？:
是
规律性:
偶然
关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:
Hydro melioration was carried out in the area, a drainage system and water retention systems (e.g. ponds and basins) were arranged.
5.5 生物多样性
物种多样性:
- 中等
栖息地多样性:
- 中等
5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征
定栖或游牧:
- 定栖的
生产系统的市场定位:
- 商业/市场
非农收入:
- 收入的10-50%
相对财富水平:
- 平均水平
个人或集体:
- 个人/家庭
- 员工（公司、政府）
机械化水平:
- 机械化/电动
性别:
- 女人
- 男人
土地使用者的年龄:
- 中年人
说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:
Manager of an agricultural company - fruit center - poblic demonstration plantation.
5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积
- < 0.5 公顷
- 0.5-1 公顷
- 1-2 公顷
- 2-5公顷
- 5-15公顷
- 15-50公顷
- 50-100公顷
- 100-500公顷
- 500-1,000公顷
- 1,000-10,000公顷
- > 10,000公顷
这被认为是小规模、中规模还是大规模的（参照当地实际情况）？:
- 中等规模的
5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权
土地所有权:
- 公司
土地使用权:
- 个人
用水权:
- 社区（有组织）
土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:
否
具体说明:
They are based on national legal system
5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道
健康:
- 贫瘠
- 适度的
- 好
教育:
- 贫瘠
- 适度的
- 好
技术援助:
- 贫瘠
- 适度的
- 好
就业（例如非农）:
- 贫瘠
- 适度的
- 好
市场:
- 贫瘠
- 适度的
- 好
能源:
- 贫瘠
- 适度的
- 好
道路和交通:
- 贫瘠
- 适度的
- 好
饮用水和卫生设施:
- 贫瘠
- 适度的
- 好
金融服务:
- 贫瘠
- 适度的
- 好
6. 影响和结论性说明
6.1 该技术的现场影响
社会经济效应
生产
作物生产
注释/具体说明:
Irrigation has avoided reduction in production due to drought and frost
作物质量
注释/具体说明:
Improved fruit health (protection against drought and frost)
生产故障风险
注释/具体说明:
Protection against drought and frost
生产区域
注释/具体说明:
Change of land use (from agricultural land to water body).
土地管理
注释/具体说明:
Increased the complexity of management.
水资源可用性和质量
灌溉用水的质量
灌溉用水需求
收入和成本
农业收入
注释/具体说明:
Production and income stability.
收入来源的多样性
注释/具体说明:
Possible diversification on farm (tourism and recreation).
工作量
注释/具体说明:
Demanding maintenance and increased complexity of management.
社会文化影响
食品安全/自给自足
注释/具体说明:
Lower risk of production failure, stability in business, motivation to do business in agriculture
娱乐机会
注释/具体说明:
Possible additional activities on farm.
社区机构
注释/具体说明:
An example of good practice for the community.
SLM/土地退化知识
注释/具体说明:
With positive effects more interest of the farmer in sustainable production.
生态影响
水循环/径流
水量
注释/具体说明:
Water available in dry months.
水的回收/收集
地表径流
多余水的排放
蒸发
土壤
土壤水分
注释/具体说明:
Increased in case of irrigation
土壤流失
养分循环/补给
生物多样性:植被、动物
植被覆盖
植物多样性
注释/具体说明:
Planting species near/around the pond.
外来入侵物种
注释/具体说明:
Danger in case of improper maintenance.
动物多样性
注释/具体说明:
For a green reservoir, a lot of green infrastructure is placed next to it, which serves as protection for animals and plants (beneficial).
有益物种
栖息地多样性
减少气候和灾害风险
洪水影响
滑坡/泥石流
干旱影响
火灾风险
注释/具体说明:
Proximity to water.
微气候
注释/具体说明:
It affects the microclimate, more humidity, slower temperature fluctuations
6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现
水资源可用性
注释/具体说明:
It is slightly increased as the ponds provide water during dry periods.
旱季稳定可靠的水流
注释/具体说明:
Improved mainly due to water retention during wet seasons for use in dry periods.
下游洪水
注释/具体说明:
Reduced due to the capacity of ponds to retain excess water during times when rivers may flood.
下游淤积
注释/具体说明:
The reservoir also enables sediment retention, preventing sediment from reaching downstream watercourses.
地下水/河流污染
注释/具体说明:
Many studies indicate that ponds can trap harmful substances, causing them to settle or undergo processes (acting as natural purification systems, especially when appropriate plant species are involved). This helps maintain cleaner downstream flows in terms of pollutants.
缓冲/过滤能力
注释/具体说明:
The pond's ability to retain pollutants also contributes to its buffering and filtering capacity.
6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）
渐变气候
渐变气候
| 季节 | 增加或减少 | 该技术是如何应对的？ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 季节性温度 | 夏季 | 增加 | 好 |
| 年降雨量 | 减少 | 非常好 | |
| 季雨量 | 春季 | 增加 | 非常好 |
气候有关的极端情况（灾害）
气象灾害
| 该技术是如何应对的？ | |
|---|---|
| 局地暴雨 | 好 |
气候灾害
| 该技术是如何应对的？ | |
|---|---|
| 热浪 | 不好 |
| 干旱 | 非常好 |
水文灾害
| 该技术是如何应对的？ | |
|---|---|
| 比较和缓的（河道）洪水 | 好 |
其他气候相关的后果
其他气候相关的后果
| 该技术是如何应对的？ | |
|---|---|
| 延长生长期 | 好 |
6.4 成本效益分析
技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？
短期回报:
中性/平衡
长期回报:
积极
技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？
短期回报:
积极
长期回报:
积极
注释:
The costs of establishing a retention pond are indeed very high, and it is a substantial investment. However, especially in the case of agricultural land irrigation, the benefits can be quite favorable, particularly in terms of drought protection or frost prevention. In the long run, the investment yields significant advantages, as it enables resilience to climate change. Farmers can also receive support through rural development programs, which provide 30-50% project funding. Although the maintenance costs can be considerable, they are necessary and offer substantial benefits to farmers who irrigate their crops or protect them from frost. From land users' perspective it's positive, if they have improved production results.
6.5 技术采用
- 1-10%
在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:
- 0-10%
注释:
It is worth noting that the availability and extent of government subsidies can vary depending on the location, specific program, and eligibility criteria. In this research area, the majority of projects received partial funding from the government.
6.6 适应
最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:
否
6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会
| 土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会 |
|---|
| Retention ponds are simple if space is provided. |
| They collect water for use in drought conditions. |
| Retention ponds manage storm water quantity and quality, lessening the transfer of pollutants and chemicals into nearby water bodies. |
| Improved storm water collection and flood control. |
| Retention ponds provide habitats for animals, organisms, and insects (biodiversity). |
| 编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会 |
|---|
| Local farm water retention systems allow for the detainment of water captured during spring runoff as well as during precipitation events, either directly or due to transport by surface runoff. This provides water storage that can be drawn on when groundwater supplies become depleted. |
| Retention ponds are designed to hold excess storm water runoff and release it slowly to avoid flooding downstream areas. They also serve to reduce downstream peak flow and aid in retaining flood waters which reduces associated flood risks downstream. If water is released from the reservoir, they serve to replenish groundwater stores downstream. |
| Surface water retention systems have shown success in reducing nutrient and sediment loading in various locations worldwide. |
| Under drought conditions these systems enable farmers to draw water from the reservoirs to support crop irrigation. The main value of water retention ponds is related to agricultural water demand in the dry season. They are considered the only effective way to preserve agricultural productivity. The ponds can increase the monetary value of agricultural land that can cope with water needs. |
| In addition to the primary function of retaining high waters, they often also serve a multipurpose use, such as: supply of drinking water, irrigation of agricultural land, protection against erosion, aquaculture, fishing, energy source, preservation of landscape and biodiversity, tourism, recreation and others. |
| Biomass production is another benefit of multi-purpose surface water retention system – cattails bioproduction and nutrient management. |
| In the case of construction of the so-called of a "green" water reservoir, green infrastructure solutions can provide protection for various species of animals and plants, which promotes biodiversity. |
6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法
| 土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险 | 如何克服它们？ |
|---|---|
| Anaerobic conditions can occur without regular inflow. | Proper planning and dimensioning of the pond, location and water level are necessary. It is necessary to ensure adequate flow and depth of the pond. |
| May not be suitable for steep sites, due to requirement for high embankments. | The construction of the pond is planned at a suitable location. |
| Colonisation by invasive species could increase maintenance and pose a danger to cultivated areas. | Regular maintenance and cleaning of the pond bank is necessary. |
| Safety risk in case of slipping and falling into the pond. | It is necessary to fence and isolate the access to the pond. |
| 编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险 | 如何克服它们？ |
|---|---|
| Large investments in the irrigation system and access to funds for irrigation infrastructure can be difficult to attain. | The size and holding capacity of retention systems also need to be considered to maximize benefits while limiting the initial costs of building a surface water retention system. |
| The construction requires a lot of technical preparation, planning, documentation and there are many bureaucratic obstacles to comply with the spatial acts of the municipality and to fulfil the requirements of the spatial planning authorities, which also includes large initial costs. | The preparation and management of the project should be entrusted to a professional service. Check the conditions ahead of time and plan strategically several years ahead. |
| While irrigation provides an economic gain during drought years, it also increases operational costs for water supplies. | Strategies need to provide drought proofing of crops as well as limiting damages caused by floods in non-drought years to reduce risk to farmers and the region. |
| Experts identified some barriers for greener pond implementation, especially related to reduced efficiency. The higher surface required can cause loss of water stored during summer from the higher rate of evaporation. Another risk is associated with vegetation close to the pond banks which can reduce impermeabilization and increase water infiltration due to root growth in the soil. | Good technical plan with solutions and compromises for best results with natural (green) benefits. Considering the benefits brought by green systems. |
| Unregulated relations between active/potential users, both in the delimitation of water rights, especially in times of water shortage, and in cases of regulating obligations for the proper operation and maintenance. | Collective investments with a good long-term plan for operation and maintenance. Organized management of users from the organization (e.g. municipality, etc.). |
7. 参考和链接
7.1 信息的方法/来源
- 实地考察、实地调查
Field visit and conducted interview with the farm manager at the Fruit Growing Center Maribor. A working group was established, where we met 2 times to review and respond to the questionnaire.
- 与土地使用者的访谈
Purgaj Donik Biserka is a farm manager of agriculture company "Fruit growing center Maribor" (land user).
- 与SLM专业人员/专家的访谈
Matjaz Glavan, Istenič Darja, Škerjanec Mateja, Banovec Primož, Curk Miha and Cvejić Rozalija representatives from University of Ljubljana.
- 根据报告和其他现有文档进行编译
As for the literature, we utilized the following documents:
- Vodnogospodarske podlage za nadzor obratovanja in vzdrževanja manjših zadrževalnikov (translated: Hydraulic basis for monitoring the operation and maintenance of small reservoirs). Miljenko Hočuršćak. Aktualni projekti s področja upravljanja z vodami in urejanje voda. 28. Mišičev vodarski dan 2017.
- Natural water retention ponds for water management in agriculture: A potential scenario in Northern Italy; Andrea Staccione, Davide Broccoli, Paolo Mazzoli, Stefano Bagli, Jaroslav Mysiak; Journal of Environmental Management 292 (2021) 112849.
（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:
10/02/2023
7.2 参考可用出版物
标题、作者、年份、ISBN:
An economic assessment of local farm multi-purpose surface water retention systems in a Canadian Prairie setting; Pamela Berry, Fuad Yassin, Kenneth Belcher, Karl-Erich Lindenschmidt, Appl Water Sci (2017) 7:4461–4478.
可以从哪里获得?成本如何?
Web
标题、作者、年份、ISBN:
Natural water retention ponds for water management in agriculture: A potential scenario in Northern Italy; Andrea Staccione, Davide Broccoli, Paolo Mazzoli, Stefano Bagli, Jaroslav Mysiak; Journal of Environmental Management 292 (2021) 112849.
可以从哪里获得?成本如何?
Web
标题、作者、年份、ISBN:
Natural Water Retention Measures; Report: Individual NWRM - Retention ponds.
可以从哪里获得?成本如何?
Web
标题、作者、年份、ISBN:
Vodnogospodarske podlage za nadzor obratovanja in vzdrževanja manjših zadrževalnikov. Miljenko Hočuršćak. Aktualni projekti s področja upravljanja z vodami in urejanje voda. 28. Mišičev vodarski dan 2017.
可以从哪里获得?成本如何?
Web
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