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Technologies
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Olive tree plantations with intercropping [Morocco]

Plantations d’olivier avec cultures intercalaires (Fr), Jnane Zitoune (Ar)

technologies_1112 - Morocco

Completeness: 80%

1. General information

1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Key resource person(s)

SLM specialist:
SLM specialist:
SLM specialist:

Larbi Elktaibi

+212(0)37771873

Université Mohammed V-Agdal, Faculté des Lettres et Science Humaines, Chaire Unesco-GN

3, Avenue Ibn Battouta, BP 1040, Rabat

Morocco

SLM specialist:

Elhazziti Abdellah

+212041274340

Centre des travaux agricoles Bouknadel

Route de Kénetra Bouknadel(CT221) Salé

Morocco

land user:

Dahmani Mustapha

Douar Lazzouzine, commune de Sehoul, Salé

Morocco

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Chaire Unesco-GN, Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines, Université Moham (Chaire Unesco-GN, Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines, Université Moham) - Morocco

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

15/09/2008

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

2. Description of the SLM Technology

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Contour planting of olive trees with crops, legumes and vegetables intercropping

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

On gentle slopes of the Sehoul municipality, heavy or prolonged rainfall causes runoff and erosion on cultivated lands cleared at the beginning of the 20th century. In the last 10 years, in some plots, land users have started to implement contour plantations separated by intercropping strips with annual crops. Only the immediate tree surroundings involve harvesting and storing rainwater and runoff. No additional water harvesting structure has been built. A fence around the plot prevents livestock from entering.

Purpose of the Technology: The economic objective of the technology is to improve income, because cultivation of cereals only gives low yields (500-600 kg/ha). Olive trees can provide an attractive yield and can be an alternative to crops especially during drought. As the olive tree is considered a revered tree, the technology is also beneficial from a social viewpoint. Environmental objectives include surface protection against erosion as well as the maintenance and improvement of soil fertility.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: To implement the change, a boundary of barbed wire (Chabkka) or cactus to form a natural hedge is installed in order to prevent livestock intrusion. Plantation work includes breaking up the soil, digging holes along the contour and planting the trees. Animal manure and chemical fertilizers are used as inputs. Weeding, pesticide application and manual watering are required regularly to support tree growth. As a drip-irrigation technique, watering cans with perforations are left to drop water continuously until the cans are empty.

Natural / human environment: The plantations are on a fragile substrate of marl underlying Plio-Quaternary and loamy-stony deposits with more than 40 cm of fersialitic and sandy soil on low-angled slopes (<10 %). The climate is Mediterranean with a semi-arid trend. The socio-economic environment is characterised by a medium-density population (10-50 persons/km2) and scattered homesteads. The traditional production system (cultivation of cereals and extensive breeding) is dominant, as well as the use of traditional techniques and practices. Tillage is performed using animal traction.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

Country:

Morocco

Region/ State/ Province:

Rabat Salé Zemmour Zaer

Further specification of location:

Sehoul

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:
  • less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:
  • through projects/ external interventions
Comments (type of project, etc.):

The technology has been implemented by the Development of rainfed agriculture project (Projet de Mise en Valeur Bour, MVB) in Shoul. Later, land users have adopted this technology voluntarily and some of them have even been trained about the technology.

3. Classification of the SLM Technology

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

  • reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
  • create beneficial economic impact

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Cropland

Cropland

  • Annual cropping
  • olive trees on stripes
Main crops (cash and food crops):

major cash crop: Cereals and legumes cultivation

major food crop: Wheat and barley

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Irregular rainfall and drought, lack of surface water and depth of the groundwater table are major environmental problems. Excessive runoff causes gullying in the event of exceptional heavy rainfall. All fields on slopes are subject to soil loss because of sheet erosion, especially in early autumn, when lands are bare and without a plant cover due to summer grazing. Gully erosion also results from concentrated runoff from bare ground upslope, especially on steep slopes. There is a lack of support from the authorities and agricultural services and insufficient knowledge about water conservation. Technologies for surface water harvesting do not exist.

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Mixed: Mf: Agroforestry

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Cultivation system consists of olive trees on stripes and annual intercropping

If land use has changed due to the implementation of the Technology, indicate land use before implementation of the Technology:

Cropland: Ca: Annual cropping

3.3 Further information about land use

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:
  • rainfed
Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 270; Longest growing period from month to month: October to June

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

  • area closure (stop use, support restoration)
  • improved ground/ vegetation cover

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Specify the spread of the Technology:
  • evenly spread over an area
Comments:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.4 km2.

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

agronomic measures

agronomic measures

  • A6: Others
vegetative measures

vegetative measures

  • V1: Tree and shrub cover
Comments:

Type of agronomic measures: better crop cover, mixed cropping / intercropping, green manure, breaking crust / sealed surface, contour tillage, pits

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

soil erosion by water

soil erosion by water

  • Wt: loss of topsoil/ surface erosion
  • Wg: gully erosion/ gullying
chemical soil deterioration

chemical soil deterioration

  • Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content (not caused by erosion)
physical soil deterioration

physical soil deterioration

  • Pc: compaction
Comments:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Pc: compaction

Main causes of degradation: crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (predominance of soil exhausting cultivations (cereals))

Secondary causes of degradation: other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (sandy and loamy soil, coming from a crumbly substrate), poverty / wealth (Lack of rehabilitation and improvement means. Land partition.), education, access to knowledge and support services (Low agricultural knowledge. Population having originally a semi-nomadic way of life, until early 20th century)

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
  • prevent land degradation
  • reduce land degradation
Comments:

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

Author:

Larbi Elktaibi, Rabat, Maroc

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

The spatial arrangement of olive trees planted symmetrically (at 6m intervals) with intercropping. The beans grow in the stripes, and there is a barbed wire fence and cactus hedge to prevent livestock intrusion.

Location: Shoul. Salé

Date: 22/3/2008

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: high

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover

Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, reduction of slope angle, increase of infiltration

Better crop cover
Material/ species: olive tree
Quantity/ density: 256 plants
Remarks: on countours

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: beans
Quantity/ density: 36 /m²
Remarks: cultivation with alternate stripes

Green manure
Material/ species: animal manure (sheeps)
Quantity/ density: 4 to 6 t
Remarks: manure spreading

Breaking crust / sealed surface
Remarks: continuous tillage prevents from crusting

Contour tillage
Remarks: for the beans cultivation

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: F : fruit trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 256
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.6
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 6
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 6
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1

Fruit trees / shrubs species: olive trees vith intercropping beans

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 10%

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

other/ national currency (specify):

Moroccan Dirham

Indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (if relevant): 1 USD =:

10.0

Indicate average wage cost of hired labour per day:

50

4.4 Establishment activities

Activity Type of measure Timing
1. Holes preparation Vegetative manual
2. Manure burying and holes stopping up Vegetative manual
3. Plantation Vegetative manual
4. Soil preparation tillage Vegetative mechanical

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour Soil preparation tillage machines/hour 1.0 250.0 250.0 100.0
Labour Hole preparation persons/day/ha 25.0 205.0 5125.0
Labour Hole stopping persons/day/ha 3.0 50.0 150.0
Labour Plantation persons/day/ha 3.0 170.0 510.0
Equipment Plough pieces 1.0 300.0 300.0 50.0
Equipment Horses pieces 2.0 10000.0 20000.0 100.0
Equipment Pulverizer pieces 1.0 360.0 360.0 100.0
Equipment Sape pieces 1.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Equipment Gathering tools pieces 2.0 100.0 200.0 100.0
Equipment Animal traction animals 3.0 50.0 150.0 100.0
Plant material Seedlings pieces/ha 256.0 12.0 3072.0
Fertilizers and biocides Manure kg/ha 4000.0 0.2 800.0 100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology 31017.0
Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

Activity Type of measure Timing/ frequency
1. Early tillage for breaking up the soil Agronomic before first rainfall of september
2. Sowing of beans Agronomic October-November
3. Harrowing for aeration of the soil and weeding Agronomic After weed growing
4. Treatment against bean parasites Agronomic after each parasite attack
5. Harvest and collection of grains Agronomic early summer
6. Early tillage for soil preparation Vegetative September
7. Manure spreading around the olive tree plants Vegetative Autumn
8. Pruning of olive trees Vegetative January
9. Treatment of olive tree against disease Vegetative After each disease
10. Olive harvest Vegetative October-November

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour Early tillage for breaking up the soil machine/hr/ha 1.0 250.0 250.0 100.0
Labour Sowing of beans persons/day/ha 1.0 40.0 40.0 100.0
Labour Sowing of beans animals/day/ha 2.0 50.0 100.0 100.0
Labour Harrowing persons/day/ha 1.0 50.0 50.0 100.0
Equipment Labour: Harrowing animals/day/ha 1.0 50.0 50.0 100.0
Equipment Labour: Treatment against bean parasites persons/day/ha 1.0 50.0 50.0 100.0
Equipment Labour: Harvest and collection of grains persons/day/ha 3.0 60.0 180.0 100.0
Equipment Labour: Harvest and collection of grains animals/day/ha 2.0 50.0 100.0 100.0
Plant material Seeds pieces/ha 80.0 5.0 400.0 100.0
Fertilizers and biocides Biocides beans ml/ha 200.0 0.5 100.0 100.0
Fertilizers and biocides Compost/Manure kg/ha 4000.0 0.2 800.0 100.0
Fertilizers and biocides Biocides trees ml/ha 250.0 0.32 80.0 100.0
Other Labour: Early tillage for soil preparation machine/hour/ha 1.0 250.0 250.0 100.0
Other Labour: Manure spreading around the olive tree plants persons/day/ha 2.0 40.0 80.0 100.0
Other Labour: Manure spreading around the olive tree plants animals/day/ha 2.0 50.0 100.0 100.0
Other Labour: Pruning of olive trees persons/day/ha 2.0 50.0 100.0 100.0
Other Treatment of olive tree against disease persons/day/ha 1.0 40.0 40.0 100.0
Other Labour: Olive harvest persons/day/ha 2.0 50.0 100.0 100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology 2870.0
Comments:

Machinery/ tools: Cover crops, harrow, sape, plough, chisel, pulverizer, sickle, Sape, plough, chisel, pulverizer, pruning shears

Costs are calculated on the basis of initial expenses for buying tillage tools and seedlings, and maintenance expenses for tillage, seedlings buying and fertilizers.

4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Labour and seedlings are the most determining factors affecting the costs.

5. Natural and human environment

5.1 Climate

Annual rainfall
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Specifications/ comments on rainfall:

Rainfall mesured are about 500 mm with high irregularities

Agro-climatic zone
  • sub-humid
  • semi-arid

Thermal climate class: subtropics. Minimum mean is 10°C

Temperate winter and almost no rainfall in summer

5.2 Topography

Slopes on average:
  • flat (0-2%)
  • gentle (3-5%)
  • moderate (6-10%)
  • rolling (11-15%)
  • hilly (16-30%)
  • steep (31-60%)
  • very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
  • plateau/plains
  • ridges
  • mountain slopes
  • hill slopes
  • footslopes
  • valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
Comments and further specifications on topography:

Altitudinal zone: Altitude is higher in the South-West

5.3 Soils

Soil depth on average:
  • very shallow (0-20 cm)
  • shallow (21-50 cm)
  • moderately deep (51-80 cm)
  • deep (81-120 cm)
  • very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil):
  • coarse/ light (sandy)
  • medium (loamy, silty)
Topsoil organic matter:
  • medium (1-3%)
If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil texture (topsoil): Soil with a mixed texture and a predominance of silt and sands

Topsoil organic matter: Soil with a mean to poor organic content (1.5 to 2%). This content is higher in tree plantation fields than in cereal cropland

Soil fertility is medium - low (rich silted soil and poor in organic content)

Soil drainage / infiltration is poor - medium (Bad drainage, signs of hydromorphy (ferruginous concretions))

Soil water storage capacity is medium - low

5.4 Water availability and quality

Ground water table:

5-50 m

Availability of surface water:

medium

Water quality (untreated):

good drinking water

Comments and further specifications on water quality and quantity:

Ground water table: Lower groundwater level in summer, due to its exploitation. In Winter > 50 m

Availability of surface water: Medium when groundwater table in the depressions. Also poor/none

Water quality (untreated): Good drinking water when well water and sources, otherwise the quality is poor.

5.5 Biodiversity

Species diversity:
  • low
Comments and further specifications on biodiversity:

Decrease of the natural vegetation and of the wildlife

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Market orientation of production system:
  • mixed (subsistence/ commercial
Off-farm income:
  • less than 10% of all income
Relative level of wealth:
  • average
Individuals or groups:
  • individual/ household
Level of mechanization:
  • manual work
  • animal traction
Gender:
  • women
  • men
Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: no

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: negative

1% of the land users are very rich and own 5% of the land.
5% of the land users are rich and own 27% of the land.
12% of the land users are average wealthy and own 25% of the land.
82% of the land users are poor and own 43% of the land.

Market orientation of production system: The goal of the technology implemented is to bring self-congratulation and to obtain additional incomes

Level of mechanization: Most of the labour is manual but also animals are often used. Only the preparation tillage is mechanised

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha
Is this considered small-, medium- or large-scale (referring to local context)?
  • small-scale
Comments:

mean cultivated area for the small exploitations (<5ha)

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:
  • individual, not titled
  • individual, titled
Land use rights:
  • individual
Water use rights:
  • open access (unorganized)
Comments:

small properties due to heritage

6. Impacts and concluding statements

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

crop production

decreased
increased
Quantity before SLM:

7 Q/ha of cereals

Quantity after SLM:

20 kg / tree

Comments/ specify:

Better yield with olive trees and beans

fodder production

decreased
increased
Quantity before SLM:

300 bundle

Quantity after SLM:

few bundle

Comments/ specify:

Straw cereals are less cultivated than before
reduced fodder quality

production area

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Grazing land: The land was used as grazing land in summer before olive trees plantation

Income and costs

farm income

decreased
increased
Quantity before SLM:

2100 DH

Quantity after SLM:

77600 DH

Comments/ specify:

Over the long term each olive tree can provide 20 kg

Socio-cultural impacts

SLM/ land degradation knowledge

reduced
improved
Quantity before SLM:

low

Quantity after SLM:

training

Comments/ specify:

SWC allowed land users to get knowledge about erosion risks

conflict mitigation

worsened
improved
Comments/ specify:

Some conflicts between neighbours due to livestock going sometimes into the plantations

livelihood and human well-being

reduced
improved
Comments/ specify:

Incomes from the implemented technology are still low because of the low olive and oil production. They are expected to increase 7 years after plantation

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

surface runoff

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

Erosion signs have disappeared after the tillage and the infiltration improvement

Soil

soil moisture

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Strips retain more water

soil loss

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

Trees impluviums are arranged on contours. Foliage cannot intercept water yet.

soil crusting/ sealing

increased
reduced
Comments/ specify:

Reduction of crusting mainly under olive trees.

soil organic matter/ below ground C

decreased
increased
Quantity before SLM:

1%

Quantity after SLM:

3%

Comments/ specify:

Olive trees allowed a small litter and manure supply

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

pest/ disease control

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Birds and rodents live in trees and damage the crops

Climate and disaster risk reduction

wind velocity

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

Olive trees planting breaks the wind and reduces greatly soil transportation

Other ecological impacts

soil fertility

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

due to fertilizers

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

downstream flooding

increased
reduced
Comments/ specify:

reduction of overland flow and flooding

downstream siltation

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

reduction of siltation in the dam reservoir

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Other climate-related consequences

Other climate-related consequences
How does the Technology cope with it?
ruissellement well
Comments:

Olive trees are tolerant of variations typical of the Mediterranean, but the yield differs from one year to the next; extremely low temperatures in some winters can make the yield very poor; the low amount of rain in spring can also be very detrimental.

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Short-term returns:

negative

Long-term returns:

positive

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Short-term returns:

slightly negative

Long-term returns:

positive

Comments:

over the long term, increase in olive production creates great financial resources

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

  • 1-10%
If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

10 percent of stated area

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?
  • 10-50%
Comments:

Comments on acceptance with external material support: General agricultural census in 1996

30% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: This technology is a new agricultural practice which becomes more and more interesting for land users.

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: This technology is rapidly growing because it is a promising alternative to combat climatic irregularities and rural poverty.

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
over the long term, it is a cultivation activity more profitable than cereals

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Promotion of olive tree plantation by subsidies
Olive tree plantations are a less sensitive to irregular rainfalls than other cultivations

How can they be sustained / enhanced? search for drought resistant species
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Ecological balance: olive tree plantations allow soil conservation through reduction of the erosion risks. It also provides benefits on water resources due to infiltration improvement

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Intensification of olive tree plantations and support of individual plantation projects, manure and fertilizers buying and technical supervision
Improvement in socio-economic conditions: olive tree plantations provide more financial resources for land users, and provide high added value activities

How can they be sustained / enhanced? By promoting awareness-raising and technical supervision

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view How can they be overcome?
conflicts occur because of protected areas Allowing access for livestock
faible rentabilité des oliviers à court terme Giving farmers subsidies for fodder, seeds and engravings
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view How can they be overcome?
Decrease in breeding activities because of protected areas and grazing land reduction Additional fodder supply and promotion of fodder cultivation and stalling
Insignificant economic benefits provided by the technology over the short term Promotion of intercropping to overcome the period before production begins, and give land users subsidies for fodder, seeds and fertilizers
Owing to limited water resources, irrigation can be difficult during a dry year Support in localized irrigation implementation (drip system)

7. References and links

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Nafaa R. (1997) : Dynamique du milieu naturel de la Mamora : paléoenvironnements et évolution actuelle de la surface. Thèse d’Etat en géographie physique, FLSH Rabat, 275p.

Available from where? Costs?

Bibliothèque de la Faculté des Lettres et Science Humaines, Rabat, Maroc

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Antari M. (2007) : Mesure de l’érosion et du ruissemellent dans le micro-bassin versant Matlaq et essai de modélisation (Région de Rabat, Maroc). Thèse de Doctorat, Université Mohammed V-Agdal, Faculté des Lettres et Science Humaines, Rabat. 218p.

Available from where? Costs?

Bibliothèque de la Faculté des Lettres et Science Humaines, Rabat, Maroc

Title, author, year, ISBN:

DPA (2001) : Projet de mise en valeur bour des Shouls. Direction Provinciale de l’Agriculture, Rabat.

Available from where? Costs?

Direction Provinciale de l’Agriculture, Rabat.

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Ghanem H. (1981) : Contribution à la connaissance des sols du Maroc. Genèse et répartition des sols des régions des Zaers, de la basse Chaouia et des Shouls (Méséta marocaine). Cahiers de la Recherche Agronomique n°37&38, INRA, Rabat.

Available from where? Costs?

Bibliothèque de l’Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Maroc

Title, author, year, ISBN:

DPA (2002): Étude de l’analyse des sols dans le périmètre de mise en valeur en bour des Shouls. Evaluation de la fertilité des sols et fertilisation des cultures. Marché négocié 01-2002-DPA-36.

Available from where? Costs?

Direction Provinciale de l’Agriculture, Rabat.

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