Shelterbelts are used to protect irrigated land from deposition of sand and to reduce wind speed
This technology consists of shelterbelts made of Russian Silverberry (Elaeagnus angustifolia) to protect irrigated wheat and rice fields from strong winds.
In the Shaartuz area wind erosion poses huge problems to crop cultivation as topsoil is being removed and deposited as sediments on neighbouring fields. Dusty storms not only damage the crops but they also cause damage to the main surface, the fertile layer of soil. Sand also damages the irrigation canals, roads, gardens and streets in urban areas which forces people to leave such areas. Good yields cannot be achieved if fields are not properly protected.
A solution to this problem is the planting of shelterbelts around fields to slow wind speed and to prevent erosion of the arable soil layer. During Soviet times shelterbelts were planted on collective farms by the state forestry committee under contracts. After the collapse of the USSR and before the formation of Dehkan farms land users were not interested in investing in shelterbelts due to unprotected land use rights and unclear legal procedures. One farmer however tested the planting of a shelterbelt in 1992 when his son came back from his studies at the Agricultural University where he had learnt about the technology. They planted the first shelterbelt using a mixture of different tree species to protect newly irrigated fields. Due to financial constraints they could not invest in any other shelterbelts but in 2010 UNDP provided them with financial support to buy seedlings to increase the shelterbelt area. For this new shelterbelt the native Russian Silverberry (Elaeagnus angustifolia) was considered the most appropriate species as soils were highly saline and only this species proved tolerant.
Trees were planted in three rows, along field boundaries and also along irrigation channels. Within rows trees were spaced at a 1m interval with a 6 m distance between rows. The plantations were established through “haschar” (voluntary neighbourhood help) with 30 people planting about 10,000 trees within one month. During the first three years after planting the saplings need regular irrigation and sanitary cleaning to help establish themselves. After 6-7 years the trees start drawing a lot of water from the soil which prevents the irrigated soils from damage through water logging. Russian silverberry can grow up to 12 m in 10-12 years.
Benefits of these shelterbelts are increased crop yields (wheat and rice) due to the protection from strong winds and decreased evapotranspiration. Thanks to the species association with nitrogen fixing root bacteria soil fertility is improved. The trees further produce edible fruits and provide valuable firewood that is consumed by the households. Russian Silverberry is resistant to pests and diseases and drought-tolerant once established; however, it requires a lot of water during the first few years. One constraint to the establishment of the shelterbelt is local people who often cut down branches for firewood. The farmer therefore has to guard his field whenever possible with the help of his family and staff he has employed to work on his field. Implementation of forestry initiatives began in 2009 and a total of 11 ha land was covered between 2009-2010. 11 farmers were involved in the project and establishment of the shelterbelts was initiated stage by stage during these two years. The project initiatives have also continued into 2011 as well. As other farmers do observe and understand the importance of shelterbelts, there has been a trend towards adoption of the technology by other farmers.
Further specification of location:
Specify the spread of the Technology:
- evenly spread over an area
If precise area is not known, indicate approximate area covered:
Comments:
Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.09 km2.
The technology has been applied by 11 different farmers on 9 ha of land
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Dusty storms not only damage the crops but they also cause damage to the main surface, the fertile layer of soil. Sand also damages the irrigation canals, roads, gardens and streets in urban areas which forces people to leave such areas. Good yields cannot be achieved if fields are not properly protected. \r\nA solution to this problem is the planting of shelterbelts around fields to slow wind speed and to prevent erosion of the arable soil layer. During Soviet times shelterbelts were planted on collective farms by the state forestry committee under contracts. After the collapse of the USSR and before the formation of Dehkan farms land users were not interested in investing in shelterbelts due to unprotected land use rights and unclear legal procedures. One farmer however tested the planting of a shelterbelt in 1992 when his son came back from his studies at the Agricultural University where he had learnt about the technology. They planted the first shelterbelt using a mixture of different tree species to protect newly irrigated fields. Due to financial constraints they could not invest in any other shelterbelts but in 2010 UNDP provided them with financial support to buy seedlings to increase the shelterbelt area. For this new shelterbelt the native Russian Silverberry (Elaeagnus angustifolia) was considered the most appropriate species as soils were highly saline and only this species proved tolerant.\r\n\r\nTrees were planted in three rows, along field boundaries and also along irrigation channels. Within rows trees were spaced at a 1m interval with a 6 m distance between rows. The plantations were established through \u201chaschar\u201d (voluntary neighbourhood help) with 30 people planting about 10,000 trees within one month. During the first three years after planting the saplings need regular irrigation and sanitary cleaning to help establish themselves. After 6-7 years the trees start drawing a lot of water from the soil which prevents the irrigated soils from damage through water logging. Russian silverberry can grow up to 12 m in 10-12 years.\r\n\r\nBenefits of these shelterbelts are increased crop yields (wheat and rice) due to the protection from strong winds and decreased evapotranspiration. Thanks to the species association with nitrogen fixing root bacteria soil fertility is improved. The trees further produce edible fruits and provide valuable firewood that is consumed by the households. Russian Silverberry is resistant to pests and diseases and drought-tolerant once established; however, it requires a lot of water during the first few years. One constraint to the establishment of the shelterbelt is local people who often cut down branches for firewood. The farmer therefore has to guard his field whenever possible with the help of his family and staff he has employed to work on his field. Implementation of forestry initiatives began in 2009 and a total of 11 ha land was covered between 2009-2010. 11 farmers were involved in the project and establishment of the shelterbelts was initiated stage by stage during these two years. The project initiatives have also continued into 2011 as well. As other farmers do observe and understand the importance of shelterbelts, there has been a trend towards adoption of the technology by other farmers.", "ru": "\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b (Elaeagnus angustifolia) \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432.\r\n\r\n\u0412 \u0428\u0430\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0435 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\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0445\u043e\u0437\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u044f \u2013 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u044b. \u041f\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043a \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044b, \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438, \u0441\u0430\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0443\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u044b. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0443\u044e \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f, \u0442\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0439. \r\n\u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441 \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u044b. \u0412 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044b 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\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u0412 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0434\u0435\u0445\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0430\u043d\u044f\u043b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435. \u0420\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432 2009 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 2009-2010 \u0433\u0433. \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 11 \u0433\u0430 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438. 11 \u0434\u0435\u0445\u043a\u0430\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442, \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0448\u0430\u0433 \u0437\u0430 \u0448\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0442. \u0418\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0438 \u0432 2011. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0445\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441, \u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0445\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438."}}], "tech_qg_4": [{"tech_spread_area": "tech_spread_less_01", "tech_spread_tech": "tech_spread_evenly"}], "tech_qg_5": [{"tech_who_implemented": ["implementation_experiments"], "tech_who_implemented_comments": {"en": "The land users son learnt about the technology while he studied at the agricultural university and the first shelterbelt was implemented through the land users own initiative", "ru": "\u0421\u044b\u043d \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043b \u043e \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0435 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439"}}], "tech_qg_6": [{"tech_main_purpose": ["main_purpose_production", "main_purpose_conserve_ecosystem"]}], "tech_qg_7": [{"tech_lu_comments": {"en": "Major land use problems (compiler\u2019s opinion): Dusty storms not only damage the crops but they also cause damage to the main surface, the fertile layer of soil. Sand also damages the irrigation canals, roads, gardens, streets in urban areas which can force people to leave such areas.\r\nMajor land use problems (land users\u2019 perception): Wind erosion leading to deflation of sandy soils, low soil fertility, reduction of vegetation cover, and increasing impacts of climate change.", "ru": "\u041f\u044b\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043d \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043c, \u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u044e \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u2013 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u044b. \u041f\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043a \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u0443\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0431 \u0438\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c, \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430\u043c, \u0441\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043c, \u0443\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043c \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438.\r\n\u0412\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u044d\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0441\u0447\u0430\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432, \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u044b, \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430."}}], "tech_qg_8": [{"tech_measures": ["tech_measures_vegetative"]}], "tech_qg_9": [{"tech_landuse_2018": ["tech_lu_cropland"]}], "qg_sources": [{"sources_used": ["source_field", "source_interviews_landusers"]}], "tech_qg_10": [{"tech_growing_seasons": "growing_season_1", "tech_lu_cropland_sub": ["lu_cropland_ca", "lu_cropland_cp"], "tech_lu_cropland_annual_cropping_crops": ["annual_crops_445", "annual_crops_437"], "tech_lu_cropland_perennial_cropping_crops": ["perennial_crops_522"], "tech_lu_cropland_perennial_cropping_crops_other": {"en": "Silverberry (Elaeagnus angustifolia)", "ru": "\u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044b (\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e)"}}], "tech_qg_19": [{"tech_watersupply": "tech_watersupply_irrigation"}], "tech_qg_20": [{"tech_slm_group": ["tech_slm_group_windbreak"]}], "tech_qg_22": [{"tech_measures_vegetative_sub": ["measures_vegetative_v1"]}], "tech_qg_26": [{"tech_measures_comments": {"en": "Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -against wind", "ru": "\u0422\u0438\u043f \u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e: \u0443\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439: -\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430"}}], "tech_qg_27": [{"tech_degradation": ["degradation_erosion_wind", "degradation_biological", "degradation_water"]}], "tech_qg_29": [{"degradation_erosion_wind_sub": ["degradation_et", "degradation_ed", "degradation_eo"]}], "tech_qg_32": [{"degradation_biological_sub": ["degradation_bh", "degradation_bq"]}], "tech_qg_33": [{"degradation_water_sub": ["degradation_ha"]}], "tech_qg_34": [{"degradation_comments": {"en": "Main causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, wind storms / dust storms, inputs and infrastructure: (roads, markets, distribution of water points, other, \u2026) (breakdown of soviet irrigation systems and therefore abandonment of land)", "ru": "\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044f\u043d\u044b\u0435 / \u043f\u044b\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0440\u0438, \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430: (\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438, \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 . (\u041e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u043e\u0442 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0432\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c)"}}], "tech_qg_35": [{"tech_prevention": ["intervention_reduce_ld", "intervention_rehabilitate"]}], "tech_qg_36": [{"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "ha", "ru": "\u0433\u0430"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 720.0, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "labour", "ru": "\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 720.0, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_38": [{"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "ha", "ru": "\u0433\u0430"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 1350.0, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "seedlings", "ru": "\u0441\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0446\u044b"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 1350.0}], "tech_qg_43": [{"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "regularly during first three years", "ru": "\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0442"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "Irrigation of seedlings", "ru": "\u041e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432"}}, {"tech_maint_activity": {"en": "Sanitary cleaning of trees", "ru": "\u0421\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432"}}], "tech_qg_45": [{"tech_input_maint_unit": {"en": "ha", "ru": "\u0433\u0430"}, "tech_input_maint_costs": 85.0, "tech_input_maint_specify": {"en": "labour", "ru": "\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434"}, "tech_input_maint_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_maint_total_costs_pi": 85.0, "tech_input_maint_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_54": [{"tech_rainfall": ["tech_rainfall_less_250"]}], "tech_qg_55": [{"tech_agroclimatic_zone": ["tech_agroclimatic_zone_arid"], "tech_agroclimatic_zone_specifications": {"en": "Thermal climate class: temperate", "ru": "\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430: \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439"}}], "tech_qg_56": [{"tech_slopes": ["tech_slopes_flat"], "tech_landforms": ["tech_landforms_plateau"], "tech_altitudinalzone": ["tech_altitudinalzone_100_500"]}], "tech_qg_58": [{"tech_soil_depth": ["tech_soil_depth_shallow"], "tech_topsoil_organic": ["tech_topsoil_organic_low"], "tech_soil_texture_topsoil": ["tech_soil_texture_coarse"]}], "tech_qg_60": [{"tech_groundwater": "tech_groundwater_less_5m", "tech_surfacewater": "tech_surfacewater_poor", "tech_waterquality": "tech_waterquality_poor"}], "tech_qg_66": [{"tech_speciesdiversity": "measure_low"}], "tech_qg_71": [{"tech_individuals": ["individuals_individual"], "tech_mechanisation": ["mechanisation_manual", "mechanisation_mechanised"], "tech_offfarm_income": ["offfarm_income_10_50"], "tech_market_orientation": ["tech_market_orientation_mixed"]}], "tech_qg_72": [{"tech_land_size_relative": ["tech_size_mediumscale"]}], "tech_qg_73": [{"tech_ownership": ["tech_ownership_individualtitled"], "tech_landuserights": ["tech_userights_individual"]}], "tech_qg_76": [{"tech_impacts_cropproduction": 6}], "tech_qg_77": [{"tech_landuser_comments": {"en": "Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users\r\nAnnual population growth: 1% - 2%", "ru": "\u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044e, \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435\r\n\u0413\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: 1% - 2%"}}], "tech_qg_79": [{"tech_impacts_fodderproduction": 6}], "tech_qg_85": [{"tech_impacts_productionfailure": 6}], "tech_qg_93": [{"tech_input_est_comments": {"en": "Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)", "ru": "\u0421\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f: 12 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432"}}], "tech_qg_95": [{"tech_input_determinate_factors": {"en": "Labour was provided for free through the so-called \"haschar\" or neighborhood help.", "ru": "\u0422\u0440\u0443\u0434 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0438"}}], "qg_location": [{"country": "country_TJK", "state_province": {"en": "Khatlon", "ru": "\u0425\u0430\u043b\u0442\u043e\u043d"}, "further_location": {"en": "Shaartuz", "ru": "\u0428\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0437"}}], "tech_qg_124": [{"tech_impacts_evaporation": 7}], "tech_qg_127": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": " reduced deflation", "ru": "\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438"}, "tech_impacts_soilloss": 6}], "tech_qg_139": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": " shelterbelts can provide habitat to birds, insects etc.", "ru": "\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0442\u0438\u0446 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0445"}, "tech_impacts_habitatdiversity": 5}], "tech_qg_144": [{"tech_impacts_windvelocity": 7}], "tech_qg_152": [{"tech_impacts_windtransportedsediments": 7}], "tech_qg_153": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": " from prevention of deposition", "ru": "\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439"}, "tech_impacts_damageneighbourfield": 6}], "tech_qg_156": [{"tech_sustainability": 0}], "tech_qg_160": [{"tech_implementation_decades": "implemenation_10_50"}], "tech_qg_164": [{"tech_input_average_wage": {"en": "5.50", "ru": "5.50"}, "tech_input_exchange_rate": 4.5, "tech_input_national_currency": {"en": "Somoni", "ru": "\u0422\u0430\u0434\u0436. \u0421\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438"}}], "tech_qg_165": [{"tech_est_timing": {"en": "December", "ru": "\u0414\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044c"}, "tech_est_activity": {"en": "Planting of grafting material or tree seedlings", "ru": "\u041f\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432"}}], "tech_qg_168": [{"tech_exposure_incrdecr": "increase", "tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_well"}], "tech_qg_179": [{"tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_well"}], "tech_qg_181": [{"tech_costbenefit_est_long": "costbenefit_positive", "tech_costbenefit_est_short": "costbenefit_slightlynegative"}], "tech_qg_182": [{"tech_costbenefit_est_long": "costbenefit_positive", "tech_costbenefit_est_short": "costbenefit_neutral"}], "tech_qg_183": [{"tech_costbenefit_comments": {"en": "the trees take time to establish during which the benefits are not yet tangible", "ru": "\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044c\u044f\u043c \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u0438 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b"}}], "tech_qg_184": [{"user_id": "2021", "user_resourceperson_type": "resourceperson_slmspecialist"}, {"user_id": "1474", "user_resourceperson_type": "resourceperson_slmspecialist"}, {"country": "country_TJK", "person_lastname": {"en": "Ibragimov", "ru": "Ibragimov"}, "person_firstname": {"en": "Firuz", "ru": "Firuz"}, "person_institution_name": {"en": "National Capacity Building Coordinator, Energy and Environment Programme, UNDP Tajikistan", "ru": "National Capacity Building Coordinator, Energy and Environment Programme, UNDP Tajikistan"}, "user_resourceperson_type": "resourceperson_slmspecialist"}], "tech_qg_185": [{"tech_drawing": "987933ca-d941-44e4-b67c-9e060ec83278", "tech_drawing_author": {"en": "Julie Zaehringer, Baumackerstr. 51, 8050 Zuerich", "ru": "\u0414\u0436\u0443\u043b\u0438\u044f \u0417\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0435\u0440, Baumackerstr. 51, 8050 Zuerich"}, "tech_specifications": {"en": "Shelterbelts consist of three rows of trees (Russian Silverberry). The rows are spaced 6 meters apart from each other and the interval between trees within the rows is 1-2 m.\r\nLocation: Shaartuz. Khatlon\r\nDate: 27.05.2011\r\n\r\nTechnical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low\r\nTechnical knowledge required for land users: low\r\nMain technical functions: stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), reduction in wind speed\r\nSecondary technical functions: increase of biomass (quantity)\r\n\r\nAligned: -against wind\r\nVegetative material: T : trees / shrubs\r\nNumber of plants per (ha): 1500\r\nSpacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 6\r\nVertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1-2\r\nTrees/ shrubs species: Elaeagnus angustifolius (planted)", "ru": "\u0417\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432 (\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430). \u0420\u044f\u0434\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0432 6\u043c, \u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044c\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 1-2\u043c\r\n\u041c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u0428\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0437. \u0425\u0430\u0442\u043b\u043e\u043d\r\n\u0414\u0430\u0442\u0430: 27.05.2011\r\n\r\n\u041d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u044b\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432: \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0439\r\n\u041d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u044b\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0439\r\n\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438: \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u044b (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0439), \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\r\n\u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438: \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044b (\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e)"}}], "tech_qg_187": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": " through increased crop yield ", "ru": "\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u044f"}, "tech_impacts_other_measure": 6, "tech_impacts_other_specify": {"en": "contribution to human well-being", "ru": "\u0432\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0432 \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439"}, "tech_impacts_other_labelleft": {"en": "decreased", "ru": "\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c"}, "tech_impacts_other_labelright": {"en": "increased", "ru": "\u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c"}}], "tech_qg_191": [{"tech_adoption_comments": {"en": "100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support\r\n11 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support\r\nThere is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology\r\nIt is impossible to get good yield in these areas which are prone to strong winds without shelterbelts. Farmers do realise and understand the importance of shelterbelts and there is a trend towards growing spontaneous adoption of the technology.", "ru": "\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f\u0445, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441. \u0424\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441 \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438."}, "tech_adoption_percentage": "adoption_percentage_more_50"}], "tech_qg_197": [{"tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_well"}], "tech_qg_202": [{"tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_well"}], "tech_qg_205": [{"tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_unknown"}], "tech_qg_214": [{"tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_unknown"}], "tech_qg_222": [{"tech_input_est_total_costs": 2070.0}], "tech_qg_223": [{"tech_input_maint_total_costs": 85.0}], "tech_qg_225": [{"location_comments": {"en": "Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.09 km2.\r\nThe technology has been applied by 11 different farmers on 9 ha of land", "ru": "\u0422\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430 11 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0435\u0430 9 \u0433\u0430 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438"}}], "tech_qg_226": [{"tech_access_roads": 2, "tech_access_water": 1, "tech_access_energy": 1, "tech_access_health": 2, "tech_access_markets": 2, "tech_access_education": 2, "tech_access_financial": 1, "tech_access_employment": 1, "tech_access_techassistance": 2}], "tech_qg_232": [{"tech_input_est_total_costs_usd": 460.0}], "tech_qg_233": [{"tech_input_maint_total_costs_usd": 18.89}], "tech_qg_239": [{"tech_landuse_2018": ["tech_lu_unproductive"]}], "tech_qg_247": [{"tech_lu_specify": {"en": "wastelands, deserts, glaciers, swamps, recreation areas, etc", "ru": "\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0448\u0438, \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043d\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u044c\u0434\u043e\u043c, \u0431\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430, \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0440"}}], "tech_qg_250": [{"date_documentation": "14/04/2011"}], "qg_location_map": [{"location_map": "{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":1500504089574,\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Point\",\"coordinates\":[68.0732,37.071599999999975]},\"properties\":null}]}"}], "qg_funding_project": [{"funding_project": 7}, {"funding_project": 15}], "qg_accept_conditions": [{"accept_conditions": 1}], "qg_strengths_compiler": [{"strengths_compiler": {"en": "Russian silverberry is a native tree species with high drought-tolerance and the ability to grow on nutrient-poor soils thanks to its root association with nitrogen fixing bacteria", "ru": "\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u2013 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u0434, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0443\u0445\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0432\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0430\u0437\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438"}}, {"strengths_compiler": {"en": "Once established the shelterbelts do not need a lot of maintenance", "ru": "\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430"}}, {"strengths_compiler": {"en": "Rehabilitation of unproductive, denuded land into productive cropland", "ru": "\u0412\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435"}}], "qg_strengths_landusers": [{"strengths_landuser": {"en": "Reduced deflation and deposition of sand on fields and therefore improved crop growth", "ru": "\u0421\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0445, \u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435, \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440"}}, {"strengths_landuser": {"en": "Increased crop yield as before the establishment of shelterbelts no crops could grow on this land", "ru": "\u0423\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0445\u043e\u0437\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438"}}, {"strengths_landuser": {"en": "Reduced wind speed", "ru": "\u0423\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430"}}, {"strengths_landuser": {"en": "Russian Silverberry produces edible fruits rich in vitamins", "ru": "\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u044f\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438"}}, {"strengths_landuser": {"en": "Increased production area", "ru": "\u0423\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c"}}], "qg_weaknesses_landusers": [{"weaknesses_landuser": {"en": "The shelterbelts have to be protected from being damaged by local people who want to cut them for firewood", "ru": "\u0417\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0442 \u0443\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430"}, "weaknesses_overcome": {"en": "Awareness raising; increase of firewood supply through tree planting", "ru": "\u041f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0431\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432"}}]}>, 'map_url': '/en/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_1458/map/', 'template': 'raw'}
The land users son learnt about the technology while he studied at the agricultural university and the first shelterbelt was implemented through the land users own initiative