1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Scaling-up SLM practices by smallholder farmers (IFAD)

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Makerere University (Makerere University) - Uganda

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

12/12/2017

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

No

1.5 Reference to Questionnaire(s) on SLM Approaches

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Multi-purpose tree species such as Calliandra calothyrsus are planted on farmstead to improve pastures for soil fertility improvement and livestock production

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Livestock keepers in Northern Uganda face challenges of obtaining pasture for their animals due to land fragmentation, conflicts and bush burning. Cattle keepers in Nwoya District now plant multi-purpose trees to enrich the existing livestock pastures with the aim of increasing productivity per unit area of available land.
Multi-purpose tree seedlings, cuttings or seeds such as Calliandra calothyrsus are planted in natural pasture land at a spacing of about 8m x 8m. Depending on the shape of the trees, the spacing can be wider or narrower. The growing trees are caged during the first year of growth to prevent the animals from feeding on them and ensure proper establishment. In the following year after planting, trees can be used for feeding the livestock. In the first 3 years, the tree leaves can be cut and carried to the livestock as the trees are still tender and susceptible to overgrazing. Thereafter, trees can be directly browsed by the animals until a period when trees will have grown higher than the animals can reach; then again leaves are cut and carried to the livestock or pruned to a suitable height.
The trees produce nutritious leaves, among other products, used as livestock feed to supplement animal pasture. Furthermore, the trees provide shade for the animals during hot days. The leguminous trees bear vegetation rich in protein content, are evergreen and produce leaves throughout the year, hence, serve as an important source of feed during dry season when grass is dry or burnt. Animals produce good quality manure that can be used for improving soil fertility. The availability of leguminous trees in the pasture land also prevents overgrazing of the grass and therefore, incidences of soil erosion is minimized.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.4 Videos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

Indicate year of implementation:

2008

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through land users' innovation
• through projects/ external interventions

Comments (type of project, etc.):

Land users were trained on agro-forestry practices through projects. Lateron land users incorporated multipurpose trees into their farming system.

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• improve production
• reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
• preserve/ improve biodiversity
• adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts
• create beneficial economic impact

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

3.3 Further information about land use

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• rainfed

Number of growing seasons per year:

• 2

Livestock density (if relevant):

8 animals kept near the homestead

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• pastoralism and grazing land management
• integrated crop-livestock management

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Specify the spread of the Technology:

• applied at specific points/ concentrated on a small area

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

Comments:

Trees increase vegetation cover thus controls surface erosion by wind. Tree roots bind soil particles together reducing surface runoff and the creation of gullies. The trees are leguminous and therefore leaves and animal dung are rich in nitrogen. Tree roots reduce the effect of over-compaction of soil by livestock.

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• reduce land degradation
• adapt to land degradation

Comments:

Livestock kept on a small piece of land can result in over-grazing and create land degradation. Incorporation of trees help to counter this effect.

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

Trees are planted at a spacing of about 8 m x 8 m in the grazing land on a gentle sloping area

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:

• per Technology area

other/ national currency (specify):

Uganda shillings

Indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (if relevant): 1 USD =:

3600.0

4.4 Establishment activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing
1.	Sourcing seed of multipurpose trees	Management	dry season
2.	Digging the holes for planting	Structural	onset of rains
3.	Planting seeds	Agronomic	early rainy season
4.	Protecting young trees from destruction	Structural	during growth periods

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Personnel	persondays	4.0	5000.0	20000.0	100.0
Equipment	Hand hoe	pieces	1.0	10000.0	10000.0	100.0
Equipment	Tape measure	pieces	1.0	5000.0	5000.0	100.0
Plant material	Seeds	kg	0.5	40000.0	20000.0	100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					55000.0

4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

Comments:

No need for maintenance. Reseeding may be considered after 15-20 years

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

Comments:

No cost since cutting the tree branches triggers the regrowth of leaves and branches

4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Labour for planting

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:

• not relevant

5.3 Soils

5.4 Water availability and quality

Is water salinity a problem?

No

Is flooding of the area occurring?

No

5.5 Biodiversity

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• individual, titled

Land use rights:

• communal (organized)

• for grazing area

Water use rights:

• open access (unorganized)

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Income and costs

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Soil

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

Climate and disaster risk reduction

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	Type of climatic change/ extreme	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual rainfall		decrease	very well
seasonal rainfall	dry season	decrease	very well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Climatological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
drought	very well

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• 1-10%

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 0-10%

Comments:

Adoption is a process and this project was implemented for three years; within this period the farmers who spontaneously adopted the technology were very few.

6.6 Adaptation

Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?

No

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
It is cheap to establish
Does not require maintenance
Produces pasture throughout the year

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Produces good quality pasture high in protein content
Animals produce good quality manure which can be applied in crop fields

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
Trees take almost a year to grow and able to be used for feeding animals

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Feedipedia

Available from where? Costs?

https://www.feedipedia.org/node/586

7.3 Links to relevant information which is available online

Title/ description:

Calliandra for livestock

URL:

http://old.worldagroforestry.org/Units/Library/Books/PDFs/98_Calliandra_for_livestock.pdf