1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Euregio-East Africa Livelihood Improvement Programme (EEALIP)

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Caritas Masaka Diocesan Development Organisation (Caritas MADDO) - Uganda

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

No

Comments:

The technology under documentation is practically proven for its efficiency and effectiveness in conserving land and improving productivity.

1.5 Reference to Questionnaire(s) on SLM Approaches (documented using WOCAT)

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

The "Piggery-Banana-Coffee" sustainable land management technology is a proven practice that significantly improves soil fertility and productivity in an integrated farming system for smallholder farmers in Uganda.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

The “piggery-banana-coffee” SLM technology has been widely practiced by smallholders in Bukumansimbi District, Central Uganda for many years. The technology is proven due to its manifold functions and benefits, including increased productivity and improved soil biodiversity leading to better food security with organic, healthy produce. It simultaneously contributes to environmental protection. The technology has been applied for many years in Bukumansimbi but it needed a promotion by the implementer Caritas MADDO for wider adaption by the community.
The technology can be applied in a natural environmental setting with no controlled conditions. Taking a case of one acre (0.4 ha) of land the farmer will need 450 coffee seedlings and 150 banana suckers to establish an integrated banana-coffee plantation. Then there is a requirement for 10 pigs to supply enough manure (urine and dung) to maintain the fertility of the soil in the plantation. Bananas provide shade to the coffee and reduce the impact of wind and soil erosion. Manure from the piggery is applied to the mixed plantation. Manure application increases soil biodiversity and improves both the physical and chemical properties of the soil, including soil structure, aeration, and moisture retention. Integrating piggery components into the system requires shed construction, purchase of piglets, feeding costs, treatment, and vaccinations. The pigsty occupies a space of 50 ft by 25 ft (approx. 15 m x 7.5 m). Each enterprise is complementary to the other: manure from pigs goes to the coffee and banana plantation and in return the banana peelings as well as the household food leftovers are served as important food resources for the pigs.
The land users under the pilot project acknowledge the significance of the technology because of its ability to sustain production and the other benefits listen above. However, swine fever disease is one of the limiting factors to the technology, as the pigs are prone to its outbreak. Moreover, some farmers report the high feeding costs for the pigs’ maintenance - particularly in the dry season (when there are few weeds that can be supplemented to the diet of the pigs).

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

Indicate year of implementation:

2017

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• as part of a traditional system (> 50 years)
• through projects/ external interventions

Comments (type of project, etc.):

The "piggery-banana-coffee” SLM technology has been practiced as a traditional system in the area for more than 50 years, however the project rebooted the technology and its adoption under the EEALIP project starting in 2017.

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• improve production
• reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
• conserve ecosystem
• preserve/ improve biodiversity
• create beneficial economic impact

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Land use mixed within the same land unit:

Yes

Specify mixed land use (crops/ grazing/ trees):

• Agroforestry

3.3 Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

• Yes (Please fill out the questions below with regard to the land use before implementation of the Technology)

Land use mixed within the same land unit:

Yes

Specify mixed land use (crops/ grazing/ trees):

• Agro-silvopastoralism

Comments:

Pigs are kept on zero grazing. There are not allowed to roam in the bananas or coffee farm.

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• rainfed

Comments:

The land is mulched with dry grass and banana materials to conserve rainfed water from evaporation.

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• agroforestry
• integrated crop-livestock management
• integrated soil fertility management

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

Comments:

The technology is promoting better quality of groundwater on two grounds. Firstly, by applying the organic manure of the pigs on the coffee and banana farm instead of chemical fertilizers no pollution of the waterbodies is given. Secondly, the pigs are confined in their pigs sty and thus due not have the opportunity to go to the water bodies and pollute the water with urine or dung.

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• prevent land degradation
• reduce land degradation

Comments:

The major purpose for this technology is to prevent soil degradation and improve soil fertility.

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:

• per Technology area

other/ national currency (specify):

Uganda Shilling

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

3750.0

4.3 Establishment activities

	Activity	Timing (season)
1.	Land clearing and preparation	once a year
2.	Hole digging	once
3.	Coffee and banana planting	once
4.	Pig sty (house) construction	once
5.	Purchase of pigs	once

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

If you are unable to break down the costs in the table above, give an estimation of the total costs of establishing the Technology:

5300000.0

If land user bore less than 100% of costs, indicate who covered the remaining costs:

The Euregio project contributed two pigs and some starter coffee seedlings and banana suckers (roughly 35 % of total establishment costs were catered by the project).

Comments:

These costs include the clearing of the land and prior establishment of the coffee and banana plantation. The majority of the costs are attributed to the purchase of pigs and the construction of the pig sty (roughly 3 million UGX).

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Timing/ frequency
1.	Weeding and garden clearing	Twice a seaon
2.	Manure application	At the onset of rain season
3.	Feeding and watering of pigs	On daily basis
4.	Treatment and deworming of pigs	On monthly basis
5.	Mulching of the garden	Once a year or more
6.	Contour digging	once a year
7.	Pruning of coffee and banana plantation	For banana its done twice a season and for coffee its done every after harvesting season.
8.	Maintenance of piggery sty	once a year

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

If you are unable to break down the costs in the table above, give an estimation of the total costs of maintaining the Technology:

500000.0

Comments:

Estimation of 500,000 UGX per year. Most costs are for the treatment for the pigs and the maintenance of the pigsty. The rest is covered by family labour.

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Most costs are connected to the piggery in particular the maintenance of the pigs. Animal diseases and the resulting costs for the treatments are unplanned expenses.

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

5.3 Soils

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

The soils ranging from red laterite, sandy loam and loam.
Soils are generally ferrallisol characterized by red colored sandy clay loams and sandy loams, but relatively productive.

5.4 Water availability and quality

Is water salinity a problem?

No

Is flooding of the area occurring?

No

Comments and further specifications on water quality and quantity:

Major source of water supply is swamp and readily available all the time in both seasons dry and rain season

5.5 Biodiversity

Comments and further specifications on biodiversity:

No official statistics available, but Banana plantations usually have higher diversity with up to 15 species of other crops within.

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• individual, not titled
• individual, titled

Land use rights:

• individual

Water use rights:

• open access (unorganized)

Are land use rights based on a traditional legal system?

Yes

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Income and costs

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Soil

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

Specify assessment of on-site impacts (measurements):

All the impacts are based on estimations. Thereby, assessments by farmers have been added with observations from the staff to get a clear understanding of the impacts.

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

Specify assessment of off-site impacts (measurements):

This impact is based on estimation by the project staff as well as some observations from participants.

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Comments:

The technology was piloted in a 3-year program and climate-related consequences cannot be measured yet.

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

Comments:

After the establishment of the technology, the returns from coffee are attained in period of two years, for banana returns observed in less than one year and for piggery profits attained in period of less than two years.

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• 11-50%

If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

Mainstreaming of the technology was promoted through copying from the participants and also due to the promotion by the district field staff. The technology has been in existence for years and that is why a high adoption can be observed.

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 51-90%

Comments:

The technology is commonly used in the area. However, those who were not part of the program take short-cuts or do not have such high positive progress as the others.

6.6 Adaptation

Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?

No

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Contributes positively to the soil fertility.
Improves the food security and household income

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Farmers were able to local available resources for this technology.
It improved the soil health and contributed to environmental conservation.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
Diseases that affect the piggery (swine fewer).	No mitigation (vaccination) available.
The vet officers are not always available for vaccinations or treatments for the pigs. Moreover, there are quite expensive.	Farmers group together to lobby for the service.

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
Follow up on the management practices for the piggery were time consuming.	Establishment of community-based trainers (CBT) that take over

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Benefits of sustainable land management, UNCCD

Available from where? Costs?

https://catalogue.unccd.int/838_Benefits_of_SLM_eng.pdf

7.3 Links to relevant online information

Title/ description:

Sustainable Agriculture in Africa,

URL:

https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/34621/RSRSA.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y