Tecnologías

Emergency infrastructure including shelter and linked transport infrastructure [Bangladesh]

দুর্যোগ সহনশীন অবকাঠামো উন্নয়ন (Durjog-shahonshil abokathamo unnayon)

technologies_664 - Bangladesh

Visualizar secciones

Expandir todo Colapsar todos
Completado: 88%

1. Información general

1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Persona(s) de referencia clave

Project Staff:

Mustafa Golam

Bangladesh Red Crescent Society

Bangladesh

Project Staff:

Razzak Abdur

Bangladesh Red Crescent Society

Bangladesh

Project Staff:

Islam Saiful

Bangladesh Red Crescent Society

Bangladesh

Nombre del proyecto que financió la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)
Book project: where people and their land are safer - A Compendium of Good Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) (where people and their land are safer)
Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)
Swiss Red Cross (Swiss Red Cross) - Suiza

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

1.4 Declaración de la sostenibilidad de la Tecnología descrita

¿La Tecnología aquí descrita resulta problemática en relación a la degradación de la tierra, de tal forma que no puede considerársela una tecnología sostenible para el manejo de la tierra?

No

Comentarios:

The technology presented has no direct bearing on land degradation.

1.5 Referencia al (los) Cuestionario(s) de Enfoques MST (documentados usando WOCAT)

Early Warning Message Dissemination
approaches

Early Warning Message Dissemination [Bangladesh]

An effective system for dissemination of early warning messages was established among the vulnerable communities in Chars (riverine sandy islands) of Gaibandha district, Bangladesh, in order to strengthen their coping mechanisms and reduce loss and damage caused by floods.

  • Compilador: TUHIN SAMADDAR

2. Descripción de la Tecnología MST

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Emergency infrastructure including shelter and linked transport infrastructure, consists in establishing specific flood shelters (for people and animals) including flood-proof collective water sources and communication infrastructure as well as health and school facilities that may serve at the same time as emergency shelters during floods.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

The technology applies to the specific context of the ‘Char’ land in Bangladesh, characterised as riverine sandy Islands along the Jamuna River. More than 80% of the land in the intervention area can be classified as 'Char' and is inhabited by 60% of the population served by the project. Every year, especially during floods, the rivers deposit huge amount of silt sediment that makes the land fertile. At the same time, river action washes away some portion of the 'Char' which at times can be quite large and has a strong impact on people's lives and livelihoods. Before the intervention, people living on 'Char' land depended on their traditional early warning mechanisms and were frequently surprised by floods that destroyed their crops and put their lives in danger. Due to recurring floods, people didn’t have the means to improve their built environment. The 'Char' land is furthermore characterised by its lack of public infrastructure and remoteness to public services.

The technology consists of setting up an emergency infrastructure and ensuring community access to these infrastructures during times of floods. It has to be understood in close interrelation with the approach of setting up an early warning system. The emergency infrastructure includes specific flood shelters (for people and animals), flood-proof collective water sources and sanitation systems, transport infrastructure such as foot bridges and elevated rural roads, as well as flood-proof health and school facilities that also serve as emergency shelters during floods. The flood shelters are built on a raised bed of soil and located at sites selected by the communities that are relatively better protected from flood and river erosion within the 'Chars'. The purpose of the technology is to ensure safety of life and protection of assets during times of emergency and also to mitigate sufferings related to floods. The flood shelter is an elevated plane land which is on an average 220 square feet by size and at least five feet high from the existing ground level. The site is selected by the community and should be connected through an elevated road to the nearest community. This arrangement helps people to get easy access during times of floods. The shelter has collective hygienic latrine facilities and safe water sources. People generally dismantle their housing while evacuating and reinstall it on the flood shelter.
The major activities include facilitating the development of community-led risk reduction action plans and their implementation through community participation and engagement of local governance institutions. This includes maintenance of the built infrastructure as the joint responsibility of the community and the local government. Land use, especially sowing and harvesting, is increasingly linked to flood related forecasting measures which has led to significant adaptation in the timing of farming activities. This coupled with the creation and access to emergency infrastructure allows for a relatively safe and healthy living. The adopted technology and approach has led to adapted livelihoods, reduced health costs and increased income. The technology has furthermore led to mainstreaming disaster risk management in policies and approach of local government institutions. Increasingly the local government’s cash and food for work programmes are targeting establishment and/or reinforcement of emergency infrastructure that can cater to larger population. Increased investments are made especially towards flood shelters and improving communication and access to emergency infrastructure. Since the technology is based on local knowledge and has been developed in consultation with the involved communities, it is generally well accepted with a fair degree of ownership and involvement. However, parts of the region are also prone to river erosion and this has a destructive impact on built infrastructures. The technology does not assure any safeguard against this form of uncertain river action.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

Comentarios generales sobre las fotos:

Glimpse of few technologies that served as emergency infrastructure, shelter and access to health and water and sanitation facilities.

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

País:

Bangladesh

Región/ Estado/ Provincia:

North-Bengal

Especifique más el lugar :

Kamarjani and Mollar Char Union (i.e. municipality) in Sadar Upazila and Haldia Union in Shaghata Upazila of Gaibandha District

Especifique la difusión de la Tecnología:
  • distribuida parejamente sobre un área
Si se desconoce el área precisa, indique el área aproximada cubierta:
  • 1-10 km2
Comentarios:

Since the disaster resilient infrastructure set up by the project is installed at a huge number of sites (as indicated in the description above), only a sample of the various emergency infrastructures are indicated on the map above (If needed a comprehensive GPS reading of all infrastructure built by the project can be provided separately).
Though emergency infrastructures are built at specific sites, their use and benefits are evenly spread over an expanded area.

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Indique año de implementación:

2014

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:
  • hace menos de 10 años (recientemente)

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:
  • como parte de un sistema tradicional (> 50 años)
  • mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas
Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

The technology has elements of traditional practice (raised plinths for flood protection) and project promoted interventions (emergency shelter and access infrastructure).

3. Clasificación de la Tecnología MST

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

  • reducir el riesgo de desastres naturales
  • crear impacto económico benéfico
  • crear impacto social benéfico

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Tierras cultivadas

Tierras cultivadas

  • Cosecha anual
  • Cultivos perennes (no leñosos)
Cosechas anuales - Especifique cultivos:
  • cereales - maíz
  • cereales - otros
  • cereales - arroz (humedal)
  • cereales - trigo (invierno)
  • leguminosas y legumbres - otros
  • cultivos de raíces/ tubérculos - patatas dulces, ñame, taro/cocoy am, otro
  • vegetales - verdura de hojas verdes (ensaladas, repollo, espinaca, otros)
  • Kharif and Rabi (Cereals)
Cultivos perennes (no maderables) - Especifique cultivos:
  • plantas medicinales, aromáticas, plaguicidas perennes
Número de temporadas de cultivo por año:
  • 3
Especifique:

Kharif (monsoon crop), Rabi (winter crop), and Summer/pre-monsoon crop

Tierra de pastoreo

Tierra de pastoreo

  • Every household have at least a pair or more of livestock.
Tipo de animal:
  • búfalos
  • ganado - carne de res no lechera
  • ganado - de trabajo, no lácteo
  • cabras
  • mulas y asnos
  • ovejas
¿Se practica el manejo integrado de cultivos - ganado?

No

 asentamientos, infraestructura

asentamientos, infraestructura

  • Asentamientos, edificios
  • Tráfico: caminos, rieles
Comentarios:

Despite the lack of public infrastructure and services and being exposed to natural hazards people tend to prefer to live in the 'Char' as it brings significant economic benefits for them: crops grow rapidly and abundantly with significantly lower input costs than on the mainland.
Cow, buffalo, goat, lamb and donkey are very common in the area. People rear these for cultivation, transportation and for having meat. Every household have at least a pair or more of livestock.

3.4 Provisión de agua

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:
  • mixta de secano – irrigada
Comentarios:

Water supply for the land comprises a mix of rainfed, irrigated and post flooding sources.

3.5 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

  • Emergency infrastructure, shelter and linked transportation infrastructure

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

medidas estructurales

medidas estructurales

  • S9: Refugios para plantas y animales
  • S11: Otros
medidas de manejo

medidas de manejo

  • M4: Cambios significativos en la programación de las actividades
Comentarios:

In addition to the structural and management measures described above, the technology involves additional elements such as flood-proof collective water supply and sanitation systems and communication infrastructure.

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

erosión de suelos por agua

erosión de suelos por agua

  • Wr: erosión de riberas
  • Wo: efectos de degradación fuera del sitio
Comentarios:

N/A

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:
  • adaptarse a la degradación del suelo
Comentarios:

NA

4. Especificaciones técnicas, actividades de implementación, insumos y costos

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

Especificaciones técnicas (relacionadas al dibujo técnico):

The built structural mitigation options have following technical specification:
1. Flood shelter: Dimension: Length-220' x Width-220' x Height- 5.5', Slope: 1:1.5, Capacity: 350 families, Construction material used: soil and turfing (grass)
2. Raised school compound: Dimension: Length-112' x Width-75' x Height- 5.5', Slope: 1:1.5, Capacity: 540 person, Construction material used: soil and turfing (grass)
3. Community Resource Centre and Community Clinic (CRC-CC): Dimension: Length-60' x Width-38' x Height- 5.6', Slope: 1:1.5, Capacity: 1500 families from 5 villages, Construction material used: soil and grass plantation, bricks, sand, cement, rod, iron angel and CGI sheet.
4. Disaster resilient tube well: Dimension: Length-5' 10" x Width-5' x Height- 3', Boring: 100 feet, Capacity: 200 families, Construction material used: bricks, sand, cement, rod, tube well head, pvc pipe, cylinder, piston rod etc. Vertical intervals: 2 in each village.
5. Concrete platform for (existing) tube well: Dimension: Length-4' 10" x Width-4' x Height- 1', Capacity: 100 families, Construction material used: bricks, sand, cement, pvc pipe
6. Wooden bridge: Dimension: Length-99' x Width-7' x Height- 12', Slope: 1:1.5, Capacity: 900 families approximately, Construction material used: wood, nails, tar, soil and grass plantation
7. Road construction/repair: Dimension: Length-925' x Width-12' x Height- 3' (from existing level), Slope: 1:1.5, Capacity: 3 villages (approx:1000 families), Construction material used: soil and turfing (grass).

Autor:

Abdur Razzak

Fecha:

17/10/2016

Autor:

Abdur Razzak

Fecha:

31/07/2016

4.2 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

Especifique cómo se calcularon los costos e insumos:
  • por unidad de Tecnología
Especifique unidad:

flood shelter, raised school compound, disaster resilient tube well, concrete platform for (existing) tube well, wooden bridge, road construction/repair

Especifique las dimensiones de la unidad (si fuera relevante):

road: per meter

otra / moneda nacional (especifique):

Bangladeshi Taka (BDT)

Si fuera relevante, indique la tasa de cambio de dólares americanos a la moneda local (ej. 1 U$ = 79.9 Reales Brasileros): 1 U$ =:

79,0

Indique el costo promedio del salario de trabajo contratado por día:

350 BDT

4.3 Actividades de establecimiento

Actividad Momento (estación)
1. Construction of Flood Shelter During dry season
2. Raising school compound During dry season
3. Construction of Community Resource Center (CRC) During dry season
4. Installation of disaster resilient tube well During dry season
5. Construction of concrete platform for (existing) tube well During dry season
6. Construction of wooden bridge During dry season
7. Road construction above flood level During dry season
Comentarios:

All activities are structural in nature and can be undertaken efficiently only in dry season.

4.4 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

Especifique insumo Unidad Cantidad Costos por unidad Costos totales por insumo % de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra Flood shelter: earth work m3 8000,0 64,0 512000,0 10,0
Mano de obra CRC: earth work m3 53,0 138,0 7314,0 10,0
Mano de obra CRC: sand filling m3 302,0 99,0 29898,0 10,0
Mano de obra Raised school compound: earth work m3 1790,0 64,0 114560,0 10,0
Material para plantas Flood shelter: grass plantation (turfing) m2 4620,0 13,0 60060,0 10,0
Material para plantas Flood shelter: seedlings piece 20,0 53,0 1060,0 10,0
Material para plantas CRC: grass plantation (turfing) m2 3890,0 13,0 50570,0 10,0
Material para plantas CRC: seedlings piece 50,0 53,0 2650,0 10,0
Material para plantas Raised school compound: grass plantation (turfing) m2 1390,0 13,0 18070,0 10,0
Material para plantas Raised school compound: seedlings piece 40,0 53,0 2120,0 10,0
Material de construcción CRC: roof truss kg 4375,0 100,0 437500,0
Material de construcción CRC: grill and iron work m2 88,0 2091,0 184008,0
Material de construcción CRC: gypsum board m2 478,0 922,0 440716,0
Material de construcción CRC: RCC work m3 2,9 19557,0 56715,3
Material de construcción CRC: deformed bar kg 397,0 85,0 33745,0
Material de construcción CRC: boundary fencing m2 184,0 440,0 80960,0
Material de construcción CRC: brick work m3 44,0 5515,0 242660,0
Otros CRC: electric ware and solar panel lumpsum 1,0 73000,0 73000,0
Otros CRC: water supply lumpusm 1,0 66150,0 66150,0
Otros CRC: transportation lumpsum 1,0 89000,0 89000,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología 2502756,3
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología en USD 31680,46
Si el usuario de la tierra no cubrió el 100% de los costos, indique quién financió el resto del costo:

10% of all construction cost (except community resource center) is borne by the user. Another 15% is provided by the local government bodies. The remaining 75% is subsidised by the project.

Comentarios:

Defining costs of establishment is bit tricky as the measures differ in size and number, costs vary from one village to another depending on the geographical location. However, average costs of the measures further to those highligted in the table are given below:
Disaster resilient tube well: labour (mason) 3'000, equipment (drilling charge) 1800, construction material (bricks, cement, sand, iron rod, PVC pipe, cylinder, GI pipe, tubewell head) 23'250, transportation 2'650, total unit costs (BDT) 30'700
Concrete platform for (existing) tube well : labour (mason) 600, construction material (bricks, cement, sand) 2'450, other (Transportation, waste water disposal) 1650, total unit costs (BDT) 4'700
Wooden bridge: labour (mason, mason assitant, painting assistant, earthwork) 30'000, plant material (grass plantation) 12'500, equipment (painting brush etc.) 1'000, construction material (timber, nails, tar, tarpin oil, paint) 260'000, Transportation 30'000, total unit costs (BDT) 333'500
Road construction/repair: labour (earthwork) 102'500, plant material (grass plantation/turfing), 12'500, total unit costs (BDT) 115'000

4.5 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

Actividad Momento/ frequencia
1. Construction of Flood Shelter During dry season
2. Raising school compound During dry season
3. Construction of Community Resource Center (CRC) During dry season
4. Installation of disaster resilient tube well During dry season
5. Construction of concrete platform ror (existing) tube well During dry season
6. Construction of wooden bridge During dry season
7. Road construction above flood level During dry season
Comentarios:

Due to the softness of the sandy soil and the annual inundation, every measure requires considerable maintenance. The flooding generally washes out sands and decays the foundation of the structure. If maintenance is done in regular intervals, the entire structure remains functional. Also, grass needs to be frequently replanted as it dries up during the dry season.
The users and the local government (Union Disaster Management Committee) are mainly responsible for maintenance of all built assets and structures including the Community Resource Center. The relevant operation/repair and maintenance training has been provided by the project.. Maintenance manuals and guidelines have been developed and disseminated. Also, repair and maintenance equipment has been provided to cadre of users/caretakers trained in repair/maintenance work.

4.6 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

Especifique insumo Unidad Cantidad Costos por unidad Costos totales por insumo % de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra Earthwork m3 80,0 63,0 5040,0 10,0
Mano de obra Sand bag filling piece 50,0 15,0 750,0 10,0
Mano de obra Pipe fitting piece 2,0 300,0 600,0 10,0
Mano de obra Mason lumpsum 1,0 500,0 500,0 10,0
Material para plantas Grass plantation (turfing) m2 85,0 13,0 1105,0 10,0
Material para plantas Seedlings piece 15,0 53,0 795,0 10,0
Material de construcción Plastic bag piece 50,0 10,0 500,0 10,0
Material de construcción PVC pipe m 15,0 120,0 1800,0 10,0
Material de construcción Polythene pipe kg 5,0 160,0 800,0 10,0
Material de construcción Ciment bag 0,5 540,0 270,0 10,0
Material de construcción Sand ft3 5,0 18,0 90,0 10,0
Material de construcción Caping socket piece 2,0 35,0 70,0 10,0
Material de construcción Tape etc. lumpsum 1,0 250,0 250,0 10,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología 12570,0
Costos totales para mantener la Tecnología en USD 159,11
Si el usuario de la tierra no cubrió el 100% de los costos, indique quién financió el resto del costo:

Maintenance costs are to date (2017) distributed as construction (10% by the users, 15% by the local government). A cost transfer scheme to the users and local government for maintenance is developped to be applied in the follow-up phase.

Comentarios:

Again, defining costs of maintenance is also not easy as the measures differ in size and number. Average costs of the measures, further to those for flood shelter including disaster resilient tube well as highligted in the table, are given below:
Raised school compound: labour (earth work and sand bag filling) 7'800, plant material (grass plantation) 1'000, construction material (plastic bag, rope) 500, total unit maintenance costs (BDT) 9'300
Community resource Center (CRC): labour 1'200, plant material (grass plantation, seedlings) 10'500, Transportation 1'000, total unit maintenance costs (BDT) 12'700
Concrete platform for (existing) tube well : labour (mason) 500, construction material (bricks, cement, sand) 600, total unit maintenance costs (BDT) 1'100
Wooden bridge: labour (earthwork) 2'500, plant material (grass plantation) 3'000, construction material (plastic bag, rope) 2'000, total unit maintenance costs (BDT) 7'500
Road construction/repair: labour (earthwork) 10'000, plant material (grass plantation/turfing), 1'500, construction material (plastic bag, rope) 500, total unit maintenance costs (BDT) 12'000

4.7 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Transportation of raw material from the mainland to the sites on the 'Char' Islands varies across seasons. In the dry season it is much higher compared to monsoon as the delivery of material is easier in the latter due to extended river outreach.

5. Entorno natural y humano

5.1 Clima

Lluvia anual
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Especifique el promedio anual de lluvia (si lo conoce), en mm:

2134,80

Especificaciones/ comentarios sobre la cantidad de lluvia:

Rainy season: April- October
Occurrence of heavy rain: June-July
Length of dry period: November-March

Indique el nombre de la estación metereológica de referencia considerada:

18 Gaibandha Sadar, Gaibandha

Zona agroclimática
  • húmeda

Tropical humid climatic zone.
Temperature: maximum 33.5°C, minimum 10.5°C

5.2 Topografía

Pendientes en promedio:
  • plana (0-2 %)
  • ligera (3-5%)
  • moderada (6-10%)
  • ondulada (11-15%)
  • accidentada (16-30%)
  • empinada (31-60%)
  • muy empinada (>60%)
Formaciones telúricas:
  • meseta/ planicies
  • cordilleras
  • laderas montañosas
  • laderas de cerro
  • pies de monte
  • fondo del valle
Zona altitudinal:
  • 0-100 m s.n.m.
  • 101-500 m s.n.m.
  • 501-1,000 m s.n.m
  • 1,001-1,500 m s.n.m
  • 1,501-2,000 m s.n.m
  • 2,001-2,500 m s.n.m
  • 2,501-3,000 m s.n.m
  • 3,001-4,000 m s.n.m
  • > 4,000 m s.n.m
Indique si la Tecnología se aplica específicamente en:
  • no relevante
Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre topografía :

Information on altitudinal zone collected from the website: www.getamap.net

5.3 Suelos

Profundidad promedio del suelo:
  • muy superficial (0-20 cm)
  • superficial (21-50 cm)
  • moderadamente profunda (51-80 cm)
  • profunda (81-120 cm)
  • muy profunda (>120 cm)
Textura del suelo (capa arable):
  • mediana (limosa)
  • fina/ pesada (arcilla)
Textura del suelo (> 20 cm debajo de la superficie):
  • áspera/ ligera (arenosa)
  • mediana (limosa)
Materia orgánica de capa arable:
  • media (1-3%)
Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

N/A

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

Agua subterránea:

5-50 m

Disponibilidad de aguas superficiales:

mediana

Calidad de agua (sin tratar):

agua potable de buena calidad

¿La salinidad del agua es un problema?

No

¿Se está llevando a cabo la inundación del área? :

Frecuencia:

frecuentemente

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre calidad y cantidad de agua:

In the dry season water crisis occurs. Open defecation and use of pesticide in farming are key pollutants of water sources.

5.5 Biodiversidad

Diversidad de especies:
  • mediana
Diversidad de hábitats:
  • mediana
Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre biodiversidad:

Biodiversity can be rated as moderate or medium both in terms of species and habitat. It is stable and and often self generating.

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Sedentario o nómada:
  • Sedentario
  • Semi-nómada
Orientación del mercado del sistema de producción:
  • mixta (subsistencia/ comercial)
Ingresos no agrarios:
  • menos del 10% de todos los ingresos
Nivel relativo de riqueza:
  • pobre
Individuos o grupos:
  • individual/ doméstico
  • grupos/ comunal
Nivel de mecanización:
  • tracción animal
  • mecanizado/motorizado
Género:
  • mujeres
  • hombres
Edad de los usuarios de la tierra:
  • jóvenes
  • personas de mediana edad
Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

N/A

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra usada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha
¿Esto se considera de pequeña, mediana o gran escala (refiriéndose al contexto local)?
  • pequeña escala
Comentarios:

People living in Chars have small landholding which often produces enough for subsistence and, in some cases, for market purposes.

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:
  • estado
  • individual, sin título
Derechos de uso de tierra:
  • acceso abierto (no organizado)
  • arrendamiento
Derechos de uso de agua:
  • comunitarios (organizado)
  • individual
Comentarios:

Land ownership is quite complex as Chars by nature are unstable habitats. In principle land is owned by state but in most cases the politician - musclemen nexus exercises real control. This results in leasing and renting of land which is the predominant form of land ownership in Chars.

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

salud:
  • pobre
  • moderado
  • bueno
educación:
  • pobre
  • moderado
  • bueno
asistencia técnica:
  • pobre
  • moderado
  • bueno
empleo (ej. fuera de la granja):
  • pobre
  • moderado
  • bueno
mercados:
  • pobre
  • moderado
  • bueno
energía:
  • pobre
  • moderado
  • bueno
caminos y transporte:
  • pobre
  • moderado
  • bueno
agua potable y saneamiento:
  • pobre
  • moderado
  • bueno
servicios financieros:
  • pobre
  • moderado
  • bueno
Access to mobile phone and internet:
  • pobre
  • moderado
  • bueno

6. Impactos y comentarios para concluir

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

producción de cultivo

disminuyó
incrementó
Cantidad antes de MST:

3600 kg/hectare (maize)

Cantidad luego de MST:

11400 kg/hectare (maize)

Comentarios/ especifique:

Crop production has increased thrice due to stability of household which has led to stable use of land in the chars.

Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

disponibilidad de agua potable

disminuyó
incrementó
Cantidad antes de MST:

No safe drinking water source was available

Cantidad luego de MST:

More than 40% water source are safe

Comentarios/ especifique:

Collective water supply systems have groundwater sources and thus no treatment is needed. Further, aspects of availability, easy access and sustainable availability of sufficient water of acceptable quality are well considered. Families can access 10 litres per capita per day (LPCD) during emergencies (which is in line with Sphere standards) and during normal times 40 LPCD is what families can collect from these water sources. All such water sources are within a distance of 50 metres from the settlement as per Bangladesh standards.

calidad de agua potable

disminuyó
incrementó
Cantidad antes de MST:

Reliable data not available

Cantidad luego de MST:

All households have access to safe drinking water as per govt. standard for rural areas

Comentarios/ especifique:

The collective water infrastructure built by the project ensures fulfillment of minimum standards set by the govt for safe drinking water.

Ingreso y costos

ingreso agrario

disminuyó
incrementó
Cantidad antes de MST:

25% families had farm income

Cantidad luego de MST:

95% families have farm income

Comentarios/ especifique:

Cattle and poultries are safe during disaster

Impactos socioculturales

situación de salud

empeoró
mejoró
Comentarios/ especifique:

The disaster mitigation measures has significantly improved the health situation of the target population.

instituciones comunitarias

se debilitaron
se fortalecieron
Cantidad antes de MST:

Few credit groups in intervention villages

Cantidad luego de MST:

30 community based organisatons (i.e. village disaster management committees) and 3 Local Government Committees (Union disaster management committee)

Comentarios/ especifique:

Community based organisations and government mandated institutions have been promoted through project initiatives.

instituciones nacionales

se debilitaron
se fortalecieron
Comentarios/ especifique:

CRC is also being used for UDMC office which is an important committee of union parishad.

mitigación de conflicto

empeoró
mejoró
Cantidad antes de MST:

Widespread

Cantidad luego de MST:

Rare

Comentarios/ especifique:

Conflict sensitive approach has significantly reduced the incidence of conflicts.

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

cantidad de agua

disminuyó
incrementó
Cantidad antes de MST:

Data not available

Cantidad luego de MST:

Same

Comentarios/ especifique:

The disaster resilient tube well ensures year round drinking water.

Reducción de riesgos de desastres y riesgos climáticos

impactos de inundaciones

incrementó
disminuyó
Cantidad antes de MST:

95% families were effected from flood

Cantidad luego de MST:

47% families are affected from flood

Comentarios/ especifique:

The above figures are from 2016 when Bangladesh experienced one of the worst floods in recent times.

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

Especifique la evaluación de los impactos fuera del emplazamiento (medidas):

N/A

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos:
¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
tormenta de lluvia local moderadamente
tormenta de arena/ de polvo local bien
tormenta de viento bien
Desastres climatológicos
¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
ola de calor bien
ola de frío bien
sequía bien
Desastres hidrológicos
¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
inundación general (río) bien
deslizamiento no muy bien
Comentarios:

In some cases the appropriate answer would have been "not applicable" but since this is not there, we have selected "well".

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?
Ingresos a corto plazo:

muy positivo

Ingresos a largo plazo:

positivo

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?
Ingresos a corto plazo:

positivo

Ingresos a largo plazo:

ligeramente positivo

Comentarios:

The limited returns that have been generated by the project is highly valued by the users from a cost - benefit perspective; especially when they understand that the project is not directly linked to land management practices. Thus, the indirect benefits are perceived to have high value.

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

  • > 50%
Si tiene la información disponible, cuantifique (número de hogares y/o área cubierta):

Out of a total of 8828 HHs targeted by the project, around five thousand HHs in three union have benefitted from the implementation of the technology.

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, por ej. sin recibir nada de incentivos/ materiales:
  • 0-10%

6.6 Adaptación

¿La tecnología fue modificada recientemente para adaptarse a las condiciones cambiantes?

Si fuera así, indique a qué condiciones cambiantes se adaptó:
  • disponibilidad de mano de obra (ej. debido a migración)
Especifique la adaptación de la Tecnología (diseño, material/ especies, etc.):

Dredging machine has been used for building some emergency infrastructure at few sites due to unavailability of labour at the time of construction.

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
Emergency structures are collectively owned and have a multipurpose use; in 'normal' (non-emergency) times they are used for other purpose than safety and protection which includes community meeting, workshop and training
Expanded opportunities of communication during flood
Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
Community is aware and driven to implement flood preparedness and risk reduction measures on its own
Appropriate measures can significantly change people's mindset and behaviour

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra ¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
River erosion threatens built structures Careful site selection for construction work through in depth discussion with community people supported by scientific analysis
High investment needed for building physical structures (e.g. CRC building) in the char which the local government and community find difficult to finance without external support. Install portable semi-permanent structures in the char; Lobby for greater decentralisation of finances to local government

7. Referencias y vínculos

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información

  • entrevistas con usuarios de tierras

3

  • entrevistas con especialistas/ expertos en MST

4

  • compilación de informes y otra documentación existente

2

¿Cuándo se compilaron los datos (en el campo)?

04/10/2016

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Latrine and Tube well maintenance manual, SRC-BDRCS-DASCOH

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

SRC

Vínculos y módulos

Expandir todo Colapsar todos

Módulos