1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre del proyecto que financió la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

The Transboundary Agro-ecosystem Management Project for the Kagera River Basin (GEF-FAO / Kagera TAMP )

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO Food and Agriculture Organization) - Italia

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Rwanda Agriculture Board (Rwanda Agriculture Board) - Ruanda

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Trenches combined with living hedges or grass lines are slow-forming terraces to control soil erosion by changing the length of the slope and progressively reducing the slope gradient; he slope steepness decreases progressively by hydric and tillage erosion.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

Trenches combined with living hedges or grassed lines are less labour-intensive method that is practiced in the highlands of Rwanda. The method involves digging trenches which have grass-stabilized banks, or simply planting grass strips and vegetative barriers across the slope to reduce runoff. This method, locally referred to as ‘progressive terracing’, is more adaptable by individual farmers across the country. In the study conducted by Kagabo et al. (2013) in the highlands of Buberuka Region of Rwanda, it was noted that net increment in yields and returns on investment increased with the age of terraces, since the capital costs of terracing were easily recovered. These terraces also showed more resilience, some being over 30 years old and still effective. Along the contour band, soil from the upper parts of the slope is removed and deposited above by creating a series of discontinuous trenches in order to extend the flat terrain. Over 5-10 years, the terraces become enlarged and form a terrace along the contour, such that the slopes are transformed over time into level bench terraces (but never %).

Purpose of the Technology: The main purpose of this technology is to reduce runoff and soil erosion on the slope and to improve soil quality and soil moisture retention. Grass strips or living hedgerows are intended to both trap sediments and facilitate the slow formation of terraces.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The establishment of trenches combined with living hedges or grassed lines is less labor intensive and requires less skilled labor. Regular maintenance banks on which living hedges are planted, to seasonally stream living hedges to minimize the competition of nutrients and water with plants. To efficiently use these terraces it is advisable to introduce intensive and rentable cropping systems or agroforestry with fruits and forage trees.

Natural / human environment: This technology was reported to be very resilient as trenches combined with living hedges or grassed lines of 20+ year old are still effective in controlling soil erosion. However, the soil quality on these formed terraces between alleys does not homogenize 100% over the course of time. Large soil fertility gradients with marked spatial difference in both soil quality and crop yield from their upper parts downwards of the terraces is observed. The soil in the lower parts of the terraces showed as much as 57% more organic carbon content and 31% more available phosphorous than the soil in the upper parts of the terraces (Kagabo et al. 2013).

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• 10-50 años atrás

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

• Government

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil erosion, water contamination due to sediment loads, decrease of soil fertility and soil depth, loss of vegetation cover

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Soil erosion, contamination of water (the turbidity of water is high) therefore the domestic use of water is a problem.

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Cropland: Ca: Annual cropping

Si el uso de la tierra ha cambiado debido a la implementación de la Tecnología, indique el uso de la tierra antes de la implementación de la Tecnología.

Grazing land: Ge: Extensive grazing land

3.3 Información adicional sobre el uso de tierras

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• de secano

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 150; Longest growing period from month to month: September – February; Second longest growing period in days: 120; Second longest growing period from month to month: March – July

Densidad del ganado (si fuese relevante):

10-25 LU /km2

3.4 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• cobertura de suelo/ vegetal mejorada
• medida de pendiente transversal

3.5 Difusión de la Tecnología

Especifique la difusión de la Tecnología:

• distribuida parejamente sobre un área

Si la tecnología se halla difundida homogéneamente en un área, indique el área aproximada que cubre:

• 10-100 km2

Comentarios:

The area covered by this technology has been estimated

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour, aligned: -along boundary

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Wo: offsite degradation effects

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Used as energy (fire wood)), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (Steep slopes in many cases are over 60%), population pressure (High density (in rural area over 400 inhabitant per ha))

Secondary causes of degradation: soil management (Less use of organic manure), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (No proper crop rotation and all crop residues are exported), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (Fodder), poverty / wealth (Farmers have low income and have less access to off farm income or remittances), education, access to knowledge and support services (High rate of irriteracy)

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• prevenir la degradación del suelo
• reducir la degradación del suelo

Comentarios:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Especificaciones técnicas/ explicaciones del dibujo técnico

Trenches are dug in trapezoidal shape with 40 cm of height, 30 cm of base length and 50 cm of top lengths. An empty space of 40 cm is left between two consecutive trenches along a contour line.

Location: Kamonyi/Giko. Southern province

Date: 2012

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high (Special training should be provided to field staff to be able to make an adequate design and teach land users)

Technical knowledge required for land users: low (Land users are required to only implement the technology under the supervision of field staff)

Technical knowledge required for Farmer representive: high (These farmers need to be trained so that the can easily supervise the work)

Main technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, reduction of slope length, improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), increase of infiltration, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting

Secondary technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, reduction of slope angle

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 11114
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 6
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.3
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.2

Aligned: -along boundary
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, F : fruit trees / shrubs, G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 84
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): NA
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): NA
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 20
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): NA

Trees/ shrubs species: Grevelea/planted

Fruit trees / shrubs species: Avocado/Planted

Grass species: Napier grass/planted

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 20%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 45%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 0%

Bund/ bank: level
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1.2
Spacing between structures (m): 6
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.4
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 5
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.4
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.4
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 5

Bund/ bank: graded
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1.2
Spacing between structures (m): 6
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.4
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 5
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.4
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.4
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 5

Construction material (earth): Soil excavation in farmers land along the contour

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 30%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 10%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

4.3 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

otra / moneda nacional (especifique):

Rwandan Francs

Indique la tasa de cambio de USD a la moneda local (si fuese relevante): 1 USD =:

640,0

4.4 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento
1.	Cuttings	Vegetativas	Rainy season
2.	Transport	Vegetativas	Rainy season
3.	Planting	Vegetativas	Rainy season
4.	Identification of contour lines, digging of trenches and grass planting on risers	Estructurales	dry season

4.5 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Planting	persons/day/ha	20,0	1000,0	20000,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Identification of contour lines, digging and planting	persons/day/ha	100,0	1000,0	100000,0	100,0
Equipo	Transport	ha	10,0	1000,0	10000,0	100,0
Equipo	Tools	pieces/ha	100,0	1200,0	120000,0	100,0
Material para plantas	Cuttings	ha	2,0	1000,0	2000,0	100,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					252000,0

Comentarios:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)

4.6 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento/ frequencia
1.	Weeding	Vegetativas	Before crop planting/each cropping season
2.	Manure application and transportation	Vegetativas	Before crop planting/annually
3.	Grass streaming	Vegetativas	Throughout the year
4.	Clearing the ditches by removing piled up sediments.	Estructurales	Rainy season

4.7 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Weeding	persons/day/ha	5,0	1000,0	5000,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Manure application and transportation	persons/day/ha	10,0	1000,0	10000,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Grass streaming	persons/day/ha	2,0	1000,0	2000,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Clearing the ditches	persons/day/ha	30,0	1000,0	30000,0	100,0
Equipo	Tools	pieces/ha	30,0	800,0	24000,0	100,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					71000,0

Comentarios:

Machinery/ tools: Not applicable

The cost of labor is estimated based on land steepness, soil structure (deep, gravel or shallow soils). Land steepness defines the spacing between anti-erosion ditches hence affecting the cost of labor. Similarly, the soil structure (deep, gravel or shallow soils) defines the size of labor to be used per hectare.

4.8 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

The most determining factor affecting the cost is labor (the cost of labor increases with the nature of the soil structure as well as with the land steepness.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

Soil fertility is medium

Soil drainage / infiltration is good

Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

5.5 Biodiversidad

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%; 3%

75% of the land users are poor and own 75% of the land.
30% of the land users are poor and own 25% of the land.

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra que pertenece a o es arrendada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• individual, con título

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• individual

Derechos de uso de agua:

• acceso abierto (no organizado)

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

Otros impactos ecológicos

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	tipo de cambios climáticos/ climas extremos	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
temperatura anual		incrementó	bien

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos:

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
tormenta de lluvia local	no muy bien
tormenta de viento	bien

Desastres climatológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
sequía	bien

Desastres hidrológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
inundación general (río)	no muy bien

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
periodo reducido de crecimiento	bien

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• más de 50%

Si tiene la información disponible, cuantifique (número de hogares y/o área cubierta):

207 households covering 100 percent of the stated area

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, es decir, sin recibir incentivos/ pagos materiales?

• 90-100%

Comentarios:

207 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: 100% of farmers has adopted the technology

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
To prevent soil erosion How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintenance of contour lines
Grasses provide mulching How can they be sustained / enhanced? Proper maintenance of grasses on contour lines

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
Mitigation of land degradation due to soil erosion How can they be sustained / enhanced? Continuous sensitization and enforcement by government to land users to stabilize the technology.
Increased crop productivity How can they be sustained / enhanced? Continuous training from government and give all basic necessary support services to land users
Increased fodder production How can they be sustained / enhanced? Proper maintenance of the technology by land users

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
It is hard to implement mainly by older and poor land users	It is required to offer communal support or financial support from development partners

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
It requires a lot of physical energy, elderly people can't afford	Help each other through communal work (umuganda)
Labor costs	Land users with less financial means should join their efforts by working together

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Kagera TAMP project website

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

http://www.fao.org/nr/kagera/en/

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Participatory Integrated Watershed Managementin the north-western highlands of RwandaMbarushimana Désiré2013

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

http://www.wageningenur.nl/nl/show/Desire-Kagabo-Participatory-Integrated-Watershed-Management-in-the-northwestern-highlands-of-Rwanda.htm