1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

The Transboundary Agro-ecosystem Management Project for the Kagera River Basin (GEF-FAO / Kagera TAMP )

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO Food and Agriculture Organization) - Itália

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Rwanda Agriculture Board (Rwanda Agriculture Board) - Ruanda

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

O compilador e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através do WOCAT:

Sim

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Trenches combined with living hedges or grass lines are slow-forming terraces to control soil erosion by changing the length of the slope and progressively reducing the slope gradient; he slope steepness decreases progressively by hydric and tillage erosion.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

Trenches combined with living hedges or grassed lines are less labour-intensive method that is practiced in the highlands of Rwanda. The method involves digging trenches which have grass-stabilized banks, or simply planting grass strips and vegetative barriers across the slope to reduce runoff. This method, locally referred to as ‘progressive terracing’, is more adaptable by individual farmers across the country. In the study conducted by Kagabo et al. (2013) in the highlands of Buberuka Region of Rwanda, it was noted that net increment in yields and returns on investment increased with the age of terraces, since the capital costs of terracing were easily recovered. These terraces also showed more resilience, some being over 30 years old and still effective. Along the contour band, soil from the upper parts of the slope is removed and deposited above by creating a series of discontinuous trenches in order to extend the flat terrain. Over 5-10 years, the terraces become enlarged and form a terrace along the contour, such that the slopes are transformed over time into level bench terraces (but never %).

Purpose of the Technology: The main purpose of this technology is to reduce runoff and soil erosion on the slope and to improve soil quality and soil moisture retention. Grass strips or living hedgerows are intended to both trap sediments and facilitate the slow formation of terraces.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The establishment of trenches combined with living hedges or grassed lines is less labor intensive and requires less skilled labor. Regular maintenance banks on which living hedges are planted, to seasonally stream living hedges to minimize the competition of nutrients and water with plants. To efficiently use these terraces it is advisable to introduce intensive and rentable cropping systems or agroforestry with fruits and forage trees.

Natural / human environment: This technology was reported to be very resilient as trenches combined with living hedges or grassed lines of 20+ year old are still effective in controlling soil erosion. However, the soil quality on these formed terraces between alleys does not homogenize 100% over the course of time. Large soil fertility gradients with marked spatial difference in both soil quality and crop yield from their upper parts downwards of the terraces is observed. The soil in the lower parts of the terraces showed as much as 57% more organic carbon content and 31% more available phosphorous than the soil in the upper parts of the terraces (Kagabo et al. 2013).

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• 10-50 anos atrás

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

• Government

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil erosion, water contamination due to sediment loads, decrease of soil fertility and soil depth, loss of vegetation cover

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Soil erosion, contamination of water (the turbidity of water is high) therefore the domestic use of water is a problem.

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Cropland: Ca: Annual cropping

Caso o uso da terra tenha mudado devido a implementação da tecnologia, indique seu uso anterior à implementação da tecnologia:

Grazing land: Ge: Extensive grazing land

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Precipitação natural

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 150; Longest growing period from month to month: September – February; Second longest growing period in days: 120; Second longest growing period from month to month: March – July

Densidade animal (se relevante):

10-25 LU /km2

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Solo/cobertura vegetal melhorada
• Medidas de curva de nível

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Especifique a difusão da tecnologia:

• Uniformemente difundida numa área

Caso a tecnologia seja uniformemente difundida numa área, indique a área coberta aproximada:

• 10-100 km2

Comentários:

The area covered by this technology has been estimated

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour, aligned: -along boundary

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Wo: offsite degradation effects

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Used as energy (fire wood)), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (Steep slopes in many cases are over 60%), population pressure (High density (in rural area over 400 inhabitant per ha))

Secondary causes of degradation: soil management (Less use of organic manure), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (No proper crop rotation and all crop residues are exported), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (Fodder), poverty / wealth (Farmers have low income and have less access to off farm income or remittances), education, access to knowledge and support services (High rate of irriteracy)

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Prevenir degradação do solo
• Reduzir a degradação do solo

Comentários:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

Trenches are dug in trapezoidal shape with 40 cm of height, 30 cm of base length and 50 cm of top lengths. An empty space of 40 cm is left between two consecutive trenches along a contour line.

Location: Kamonyi/Giko. Southern province

Date: 2012

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high (Special training should be provided to field staff to be able to make an adequate design and teach land users)

Technical knowledge required for land users: low (Land users are required to only implement the technology under the supervision of field staff)

Technical knowledge required for Farmer representive: high (These farmers need to be trained so that the can easily supervise the work)

Main technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, reduction of slope length, improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), increase of infiltration, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting

Secondary technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, reduction of slope angle

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 11114
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 6
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.3
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.2

Aligned: -along boundary
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, F : fruit trees / shrubs, G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 84
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): NA
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): NA
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 20
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): NA

Trees/ shrubs species: Grevelea/planted

Fruit trees / shrubs species: Avocado/Planted

Grass species: Napier grass/planted

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 20%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 45%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 0%

Bund/ bank: level
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1.2
Spacing between structures (m): 6
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.4
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 5
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.4
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.4
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 5

Bund/ bank: graded
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1.2
Spacing between structures (m): 6
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.4
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 5
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.4
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.4
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 5

Construction material (earth): Soil excavation in farmers land along the contour

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 30%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 10%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

4.3 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Outro/moeda nacional (especifique):

Rwandan Francs

Indique a taxa cambial do dólar norte americano para a moeda local (se relevante): 1 USD =:

640,0

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	Cuttings	Vegetativo	Rainy season
2.	Transport	Vegetativo	Rainy season
3.	Planting	Vegetativo	Rainy season
4.	Identification of contour lines, digging of trenches and grass planting on risers	Estrutural	dry season

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Planting	persons/day/ha	20,0	1000,0	20000,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Identification of contour lines, digging and planting	persons/day/ha	100,0	1000,0	100000,0	100,0
Equipamento	Transport	ha	10,0	1000,0	10000,0	100,0
Equipamento	Tools	pieces/ha	100,0	1200,0	120000,0	100,0
Material vegetal	Cuttings	ha	2,0	1000,0	2000,0	100,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					252000,0

Comentários:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Weeding	Vegetativo	Before crop planting/each cropping season
2.	Manure application and transportation	Vegetativo	Before crop planting/annually
3.	Grass streaming	Vegetativo	Throughout the year
4.	Clearing the ditches by removing piled up sediments.	Estrutural	Rainy season

4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Weeding	persons/day/ha	5,0	1000,0	5000,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Manure application and transportation	persons/day/ha	10,0	1000,0	10000,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Grass streaming	persons/day/ha	2,0	1000,0	2000,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Clearing the ditches	persons/day/ha	30,0	1000,0	30000,0	100,0
Equipamento	Tools	pieces/ha	30,0	800,0	24000,0	100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					71000,0

Comentários:

Machinery/ tools: Not applicable

The cost of labor is estimated based on land steepness, soil structure (deep, gravel or shallow soils). Land steepness defines the spacing between anti-erosion ditches hence affecting the cost of labor. Similarly, the soil structure (deep, gravel or shallow soils) defines the size of labor to be used per hectare.

4.8 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

The most determining factor affecting the cost is labor (the cost of labor increases with the nature of the soil structure as well as with the land steepness.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Soil fertility is medium

Soil drainage / infiltration is good

Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

5.5 Biodiversidade

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%; 3%

75% of the land users are poor and own 75% of the land.
30% of the land users are poor and own 25% of the land.

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Indivíduo, intitulado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Indivíduo

Direitos do uso da água:

• Acesso livre (não organizado)

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

Outros impactos ecológicos

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

	Estação do ano	Tipo de mudança climática/extremo	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temperatura anual		aumento	bem

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres meteorológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temporal local	não bem
Tempestade de vento local	bem

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Seca	bem

Desastres hidrológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Inundação geral (rio)	não bem

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Período de crescimento reduzido	bem

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• mais que 50%

Se disponível, determine a quantidade (número de unidades familiares e/ou área abordada):

207 households covering 100 percent of the stated area

Entre todos aqueles que adotaram a tecnologia, quantos adotaram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo material/pagamentos?

• 90-100%

Comentários:

207 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: 100% of farmers has adopted the technology

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
To prevent soil erosion How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintenance of contour lines
Grasses provide mulching How can they be sustained / enhanced? Proper maintenance of grasses on contour lines

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do compilador ou de outra pessoa capacitada
Mitigation of land degradation due to soil erosion How can they be sustained / enhanced? Continuous sensitization and enforcement by government to land users to stabilize the technology.
Increased crop productivity How can they be sustained / enhanced? Continuous training from government and give all basic necessary support services to land users
Increased fodder production How can they be sustained / enhanced? Proper maintenance of the technology by land users

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
It is hard to implement mainly by older and poor land users	It is required to offer communal support or financial support from development partners

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do compilador ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
It requires a lot of physical energy, elderly people can't afford	Help each other through communal work (umuganda)
Labor costs	Land users with less financial means should join their efforts by working together

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Kagera TAMP project website

Disponível de onde? Custos?

http://www.fao.org/nr/kagera/en/

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Participatory Integrated Watershed Managementin the north-western highlands of RwandaMbarushimana Désiré2013

Disponível de onde? Custos?

http://www.wageningenur.nl/nl/show/Desire-Kagabo-Participatory-Integrated-Watershed-Management-in-the-northwestern-highlands-of-Rwanda.htm