1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

The Transboundary Agro-ecosystem Management Project for the Kagera River Basin (GEF-FAO / Kagera TAMP )

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO Food and Agriculture Organization) - 意大利

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Rwanda Agriculture Board (Rwanda Agriculture Board) - 卢旺达

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Trenches combined with living hedges or grass lines are slow-forming terraces to control soil erosion by changing the length of the slope and progressively reducing the slope gradient; he slope steepness decreases progressively by hydric and tillage erosion.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Trenches combined with living hedges or grassed lines are less labour-intensive method that is practiced in the highlands of Rwanda. The method involves digging trenches which have grass-stabilized banks, or simply planting grass strips and vegetative barriers across the slope to reduce runoff. This method, locally referred to as ‘progressive terracing’, is more adaptable by individual farmers across the country. In the study conducted by Kagabo et al. (2013) in the highlands of Buberuka Region of Rwanda, it was noted that net increment in yields and returns on investment increased with the age of terraces, since the capital costs of terracing were easily recovered. These terraces also showed more resilience, some being over 30 years old and still effective. Along the contour band, soil from the upper parts of the slope is removed and deposited above by creating a series of discontinuous trenches in order to extend the flat terrain. Over 5-10 years, the terraces become enlarged and form a terrace along the contour, such that the slopes are transformed over time into level bench terraces (but never %).

Purpose of the Technology: The main purpose of this technology is to reduce runoff and soil erosion on the slope and to improve soil quality and soil moisture retention. Grass strips or living hedgerows are intended to both trap sediments and facilitate the slow formation of terraces.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The establishment of trenches combined with living hedges or grassed lines is less labor intensive and requires less skilled labor. Regular maintenance banks on which living hedges are planted, to seasonally stream living hedges to minimize the competition of nutrients and water with plants. To efficiently use these terraces it is advisable to introduce intensive and rentable cropping systems or agroforestry with fruits and forage trees.

Natural / human environment: This technology was reported to be very resilient as trenches combined with living hedges or grassed lines of 20+ year old are still effective in controlling soil erosion. However, the soil quality on these formed terraces between alleys does not homogenize 100% over the course of time. Large soil fertility gradients with marked spatial difference in both soil quality and crop yield from their upper parts downwards of the terraces is observed. The soil in the lower parts of the terraces showed as much as 57% more organic carbon content and 31% more available phosphorous than the soil in the upper parts of the terraces (Kagabo et al. 2013).

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

• Government

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil erosion, water contamination due to sediment loads, decrease of soil fertility and soil depth, loss of vegetation cover

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Soil erosion, contamination of water (the turbidity of water is high) therefore the domestic use of water is a problem.

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Cropland: Ca: Annual cropping

如果由于技术的实施而导致土地用途发生变化，则在技术实施前说明土地利的用途。:

Grazing land: Ge: Extensive grazing land

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 150; Longest growing period from month to month: September – February; Second longest growing period in days: 120; Second longest growing period from month to month: March – July

牲畜密度（如相关）:

10-25 LU /km2

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 横坡措施

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• 10-100 平方千米

注释:

The area covered by this technology has been estimated

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour, aligned: -along boundary

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Wo: offsite degradation effects

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Used as energy (fire wood)), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (Steep slopes in many cases are over 60%), population pressure (High density (in rural area over 400 inhabitant per ha))

Secondary causes of degradation: soil management (Less use of organic manure), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (No proper crop rotation and all crop residues are exported), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (Fodder), poverty / wealth (Farmers have low income and have less access to off farm income or remittances), education, access to knowledge and support services (High rate of irriteracy)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

注释:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Trenches are dug in trapezoidal shape with 40 cm of height, 30 cm of base length and 50 cm of top lengths. An empty space of 40 cm is left between two consecutive trenches along a contour line.

Location: Kamonyi/Giko. Southern province

Date: 2012

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high (Special training should be provided to field staff to be able to make an adequate design and teach land users)

Technical knowledge required for land users: low (Land users are required to only implement the technology under the supervision of field staff)

Technical knowledge required for Farmer representive: high (These farmers need to be trained so that the can easily supervise the work)

Main technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, reduction of slope length, improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), increase of infiltration, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting

Secondary technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, reduction of slope angle

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 11114
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 6
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.3
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.2

Aligned: -along boundary
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, F : fruit trees / shrubs, G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 84
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): NA
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): NA
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 20
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): NA

Trees/ shrubs species: Grevelea/planted

Fruit trees / shrubs species: Avocado/Planted

Grass species: Napier grass/planted

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 20%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 45%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 0%

Bund/ bank: level
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1.2
Spacing between structures (m): 6
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.4
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 5
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.4
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.4
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 5

Bund/ bank: graded
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1.2
Spacing between structures (m): 6
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.4
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 5
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.4
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.4
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 5

Construction material (earth): Soil excavation in farmers land along the contour

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 30%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 10%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Rwandan Francs

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

640.0

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Cuttings	植物性的	Rainy season
2.	Transport	植物性的	Rainy season
3.	Planting	植物性的	Rainy season
4.	Identification of contour lines, digging of trenches and grass planting on risers	结构性的	dry season

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Planting	persons/day/ha	20.0	1000.0	20000.0	100.0
劳动力	Identification of contour lines, digging and planting	persons/day/ha	100.0	1000.0	100000.0	100.0
设备	Transport	ha	10.0	1000.0	10000.0	100.0
设备	Tools	pieces/ha	100.0	1200.0	120000.0	100.0
植物材料	Cuttings	ha	2.0	1000.0	2000.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					252000.0

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Weeding	植物性的	Before crop planting/each cropping season
2.	Manure application and transportation	植物性的	Before crop planting/annually
3.	Grass streaming	植物性的	Throughout the year
4.	Clearing the ditches by removing piled up sediments.	结构性的	Rainy season

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Weeding	persons/day/ha	5.0	1000.0	5000.0	100.0
劳动力	Manure application and transportation	persons/day/ha	10.0	1000.0	10000.0	100.0
劳动力	Grass streaming	persons/day/ha	2.0	1000.0	2000.0	100.0
劳动力	Clearing the ditches	persons/day/ha	30.0	1000.0	30000.0	100.0
设备	Tools	pieces/ha	30.0	800.0	24000.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					71000.0

注释:

Machinery/ tools: Not applicable

The cost of labor is estimated based on land steepness, soil structure (deep, gravel or shallow soils). Land steepness defines the spacing between anti-erosion ditches hence affecting the cost of labor. Similarly, the soil structure (deep, gravel or shallow soils) defines the size of labor to be used per hectare.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The most determining factor affecting the cost is labor (the cost of labor increases with the nature of the soil structure as well as with the land steepness.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility is medium

Soil drainage / infiltration is good

Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%; 3%

75% of the land users are poor and own 75% of the land.
30% of the land users are poor and own 25% of the land.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	不好
局地风暴	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	不好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 大于 50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

207 households covering 100 percent of the stated area

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 90-100%

注释:

207 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: 100% of farmers has adopted the technology

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
To prevent soil erosion How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintenance of contour lines
Grasses provide mulching How can they be sustained / enhanced? Proper maintenance of grasses on contour lines

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Mitigation of land degradation due to soil erosion How can they be sustained / enhanced? Continuous sensitization and enforcement by government to land users to stabilize the technology.
Increased crop productivity How can they be sustained / enhanced? Continuous training from government and give all basic necessary support services to land users
Increased fodder production How can they be sustained / enhanced? Proper maintenance of the technology by land users

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
It is hard to implement mainly by older and poor land users	It is required to offer communal support or financial support from development partners

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
It requires a lot of physical energy, elderly people can't afford	Help each other through communal work (umuganda)
Labor costs	Land users with less financial means should join their efforts by working together

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Kagera TAMP project website

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

http://www.fao.org/nr/kagera/en/

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Participatory Integrated Watershed Managementin the north-western highlands of RwandaMbarushimana Désiré2013

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

http://www.wageningenur.nl/nl/show/Desire-Kagabo-Participatory-Integrated-Watershed-Management-in-the-northwestern-highlands-of-Rwanda.htm