Community Mobilization for SLM Interventions [Bhoutan]
- Création :
- Mise à jour :
- Compilateur : Nima Dolma Tamang
- Rédacteur : –
- Examinateurs : William Critchley, Rima Mekdaschi Studer
Thuenpa Puenzhi Sonam Detshen
approaches_6835 - Bhoutan
Voir les sections
Développer tout Réduire tout1. Informations générales
1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de l'Approche
Personne(s) ressource(s) clé(s)
exploitant des terres:
Tashi Tshering
17618478
Pangserpo Chiwog, Drujeygang Gewog, Dagana Dzongkhag
Bhoutan
exploitant des terres:
Pem (B) Tshering
17778420
Pangserpo Chiwog, Drujeygang Gewog, Dagana Dzongkhag
Bhoutan
exploitant des terres:
Mo Lungten
17826655
Pangserpo Chiwog, Drujeygang Gewog, Dagana Dzongkhag
Bhoutan
exploitant des terres:
Mo Karchang
17643440
Pangserpo Chiwog, Drujeygang Gewog, Dagana Dzongkhag
Bhoutan
exploitant des terres:
Pem (A) Tshering
77894830
Pangserpo Chiwog, Drujeygang Gewog, Dagana Dzongkhag
Bhoutan
Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de l'Approche (si pertinent)
Strengthening national-level institutional and professional capacities of country Parties towards enhanced UNCCD monitoring and reporting – GEF 7 EA Umbrella II (GEF 7 UNCCD Enabling Activities_Umbrella II)Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de l'Approche (si pertinent)
National Soil Services Centre, Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture & Livestock (NSSC) - Bhoutan1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées
Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?
07/07/2023
Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:
Oui
1.4 Références au(x) questionnaire(s) sur les Technologies de GDT
Contour Stone Bunds [Bhoutan]
Contour stone bunding on sloping agricultural lands reduces soil erosion and conserves soil moisture in order to retain soil productivity. It is promoted /recommended on slopes where there is adequate surface stone.
- Compilateur : Nima Dolma Tamang
2. Description de l'Approche de GDT
2.1 Courte description de l'Approche
Community mobilization in implementing sustainable land management technologies is indispensable in engaging the community to identify their priorities, resources, needs and solutions. It ultimately promotes bottom-up participation and fosters accountability.
2.2 Description détaillée de l'Approche
Description détaillée de l'Approche:
Community mobilization in implementing sustainable land management technologies involves active engagement of local communities in the planning, decision-making, implementation, and monitoring of land management. This approach recognizes the vital role of local communities in managing and conserving natural resources. By actively involving community members, SLM initiatives can be more effective and sustainable in the long-run.
With the objective of promoting a sense of unity and shared responsibility, SLM implementation in Pangserpo Chiwog of Drujeygang Gewog under Dagana Dzongkhag, has been executed through mobilization of a community group called ‘Thuenpa Puenzhi Sonam Detshen’. This group, consisting of 13 members, was initially instituted as a vegetable progressive group in 2018.
The need for SLM came to light when one of the members adopted stone bunds, inspiring the rest of the members. Subsequently, the community group members collectively initiated an SLM programme to address land degradation issues and enhance agriculture productivity. The proven SLM technologies implemented includes stone bunds, terracing, and hedgerows.
The community mobilization approach has built capacity within the community for effective land use and conservation, fostering ownership and securing the longevity of the SLM programme. The bylaws - for instance mandatory active participation of every member in community work - have been successful in upholding the integrity of the initiative, thereby ensuring effective implementation of SLM related activities.
This group mainly consists of women headed households who support each other through a self-help approach. When labour shortage is the major challenge, the self-mobilized group plays a vital role in scaling up SLM interventions and improving their own livelihoods. In most cases of SLM grouping, the groups remain intact until project support is withdrawn, but for the Thuenpa Puenzhi Sonam Detshen, the group is still functional.
2.3 Photos de l'approche
Galerie Médias
2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où l'Approche a été appliquée
Pays:
Bhoutan
Région/ Etat/ Province:
Dagana Dzongkhag
Autres spécifications du lieu :
Pangserpo Chiwog, Drujeygang Gewog
Map
×2.6 Dates de début et de fin de l'Approche
Indiquez l'année de démarrage:
2019
Commentaires:
The group evolved from the vegetable group to the SLM group as the Chairman observed the effectiveness of stone bunds in land management. He initiated the construction of a stone bund which inspired other land users to adopt SLM technologies such as stone bunds, terracing and hedgerows. The land users are aware of the importance of land management to improve agricultural productivity which ensures sustainability of the approach. Furthermore, it continuously explores the market within and outside the country which motivates the group members to conserve land using the SLM measures.
2.7 Type d'Approche
- initiative/ innovation récente locale
2.8 Principaux objectifs de l'Approche
The central goal of this approach is to foster community interaction and collaboration towards better outreach and implementation of SLM practices
2.9 Conditions favorisant ou entravant la mise en œuvre de la(des) Technologie(s) appliquée(s) sous l'Approche
normes et valeurs sociales/ culturelles/ religieuses
- favorise
The socio-cultural norms enable the implementation of SLM activities in the community, due to its effectiveness in mitigating land degradation issues, with no negative side impact.
disponibilité/ accès aux ressources et services financiers
- favorise
Initially the the government funded Nu. 200,000/- to execute the SLM technologies (stone bunds), later the group became financially stable by collecting fees (Nu.500 per member) from the group members and selling their agricultural products.
cadre institutionnel
- favorise
The community have better access to gewog Renewable Natural Resources, Agriculture Research and Development Centre, and National Soil Services Centre for any kind of technical supports related to SLM
collaboration/ coordination des acteurs
- favorise
The land users collaborated with the Royal Government of Bhutan and Green Climate Fund project members for the execution of the community SLM interventions.
cadre juridique (régime foncier, droits d'utilisation des terres et de l'eau)
- favorise
The land ownerships for instance are either family or individual, posing no hindrances to adopt any kind of SLM technologies.
cadre politique
- favorise
There is no policies that hinders the SLM intervention in the community
gouvernance foncière (prise de décisions, mise en œuvre et application des décisions)
- favorise
The community holds meetings every month to discuss their issues and plans. By-laws were formulated during the initiation of the approach to enable efficient decision-making and implementation of the activities. Additionally, regardless of gender, land users actively participate in the activities that were done as part of the approach.
connaissances sur la GDT, accès aux supports techniques
- favorise
The members were well sensitized and trained on SLM and its best technologies by the National Soil Services Centre
marchés (pour acheter les intrants, vendre les produits) et prix
- favorise
The market for the community is assured through school feeding program linkage (Drujeygang Central School and Pangna Primary Schools).
charge de travail, disponibilité de la main-d'œuvre
- favorise
The SLM practices such as the construction of stone bunds are laborious. However, the involvement of the community and their labour contribution aids in achieving the implementation of the SLM practices.
3. Participation et rôles des parties prenantes impliquées dans l'Approche
3.1 Parties prenantes impliquées dans l'Approche et rôles
- exploitants locaux des terres / communautés locales
Chairman and community members (land users)
The chairman was involved in initial group formulation by gathering like-minded members, and exploring for input subsidies. Land users are involved in forming a group and cooperating to address the issues, vegetable cultivation, and marketing.
- Spécialistes de la GDT/ conseillers agricoles
Gewog/Block and Dzongkhag agriculture offices
In accepting and reviewing the group formation proposal, developing by-laws , sourcing funds, exploring markets, and monitoring.
- enseignants/ élèves/ étudiants
School Administrations
For community group and school feeding program linkages
- gouvernement local
Gewog/Block Administration
In accepting and reviewing the group formation proposal, developing by-laws , sourcing funds, exploring markets, taking the concerns of land degradation to the higher authorities
- gouvernement national (planificateurs, décideurs)
Dzongkhag Adminstration
Final approval of the group formation and fund sourcing
- organisation internationale
Green Climate Fund (GCF) project
Provision of funds
3.2 Participation des exploitants locaux des terres/ communautés locales aux différentes phases de l'Approche
| Participation des exploitants locaux des terres/ communautés locales | Spécifiez qui était impliqué et décrivez les activités | |
|---|---|---|
| initiation/ motivation | auto-mobilisation | One of the community members who is currently the chairperson adopted a SLM technology, and inspired other members. Subsequently, they further explored to implement SLM technologies in larger scales in the community. |
| planification | interactive | Both the government and the land users were involved during the planning process. The government provided technical inputs whereas the land users contributed traditional knowledge. |
| mise en œuvre | interactive | Both the government and the land users were involved during the implementation of the technologies. Where the government provided technical and financial support along with machineries. The land users contributed labour and farm tools. |
| suivi/ évaluation | interactive | The community meets every month to engage in self-monitoring and evaluation of the technologies. It is followed by addressing the issues and concerns raised. The Gewog, Dzongkhag, and NSSC also conducts periodic monitoring and evaluation. |
3.3 Diagramme/ organigramme (si disponible)
Description:
Flow chart of how any SLM activities are carried out based on the approach.
Auteur:
Ongpo Lepcha
3.4 Prises de décision pour la sélection de la Technologie/ des Technologies
Indiquez qui a décidé de la sélection de la Technologie/ des Technologies à mettre en œuvre:
- tous les acteurs concernés dans le cadre d'une approche participative
Expliquez:
The community members were sensitized on SLM by NSSC, followed by bottom-up participatory SLM action planning and field based hands on training.
Spécifiez sur quelle base ont été prises les décisions:
- expériences et opinions personnelles (non documentées)
4. Soutien technique, renforcement des capacités et gestion des connaissances
4.1 Renforcement des capacités/ formation
Une formation a-t-elle été dispensée aux exploitants des terres/ autres parties prenantes?
Oui
Spécifiez qui a été formé:
- exploitants des terres
- personnels/ conseillers de terrain
Si pertinent, spécifiez le genre, l'âge, le statut, l'ethnie, etc.
All the members (both male and female) were trained.
Formats de la formation:
- zones de démonstration
- réunions publiques
Thèmes abordés:
What actually SLM is, why SLM is important and required, and the best proven SLM technologies that are being implemented in Bhutan.
4.2 Service de conseils
Les exploitants des terres ont-ils accès à un service de conseils?
Oui
Spécifiez si le service de conseils est fourni:
- dans les champs des exploitants?
Décrivez/ commentez:
The advisory services on the technology and management were provided to farmers on land users' fields by Agriculture Extension Officers.
4.3 Renforcement des institutions (développement organisationnel)
Des institutions ont elles été mises en place ou renforcées par le biais de l'Approche?
- oui, modérément
Spécifiez à quel(s) niveau(x), ces institutions ont été renforcées ou mises en place:
- local
Décrivez l'institution, ses rôles et responsabilités, ses membres, etc.
The institution is known by the name "Thuenpa Puenzhi Sanam Detshen" in the surrounding community. There are 13 members including the chairperson of the group. The chairperson's responsibility is to coordinate and address all community-related activities and concerns. He also oversees the institution's financial planning. The member's job is to cooperate with the chairperson and encourage one another in difficult times.
Précisez le type de soutien:
- financier
- renforcement des capacités/ formation
- équipement
- labour-sharing (Local name: Lagtshab)
Donnez plus de détails:
The institution provides financial aid. Additionally, they engage in labour-sharing (lagtshab) where the land users rotate working on each other's fields to complete the work faster.
4.4 Suivi et évaluation
Le suivi et l'évaluation font ils partie de l'Approche? :
Oui
Commentaires:
The monitoring and evaluation are part of the approach. The land users get together once a month to review the activities conducted and plan future activities preventing recurring issues to strengthen the effectiveness of the approach.
Si oui, ce document est-il destiné à être utilisé pour le suivi et l'évaluation?
Non
4.5 Recherche
La recherche a-t-elle fait partie intégrante de l’Approche?
Non
5. Financement et soutien matériel externe
5.1 Budget annuel de la composante GDT de l'Approche
Si le budget annuel précis n'est pas connu, indiquez une fourchette:
- < 2 000
Commentez (par ex. principales sources de financement/ principaux bailleurs de fonds):
The government funded one time during the initial implementation of the technology. However, there is no annual budget allocated for the group now.
5.2 Soutiens financiers/ matériels fournis aux exploitants des terres
Les exploitants des terres ont-ils reçu un soutien financier/ matériel pour la mise en œuvre de la Technologie/ des Technologies?
Oui
Si oui, spécifiez le(s) type(s) de soutien, les conditions et les fournisseurs:
They were provided with Nu. 200,000/- to implement the technology through GCF project.
5.3 Subventions pour des intrants spécifiques (incluant la main d'œuvre)
- équipement
| Spécifiez les intrants subventionnés | Dans quelle mesure | Spécifiez les subventions |
|---|---|---|
| machines | en partie financé | Power tiller was partly financed by the government. (Farmers and the government split the cost by 50%) |
- intrants agricoles
| Spécifiez les intrants subventionnés | Dans quelle mesure | Spécifiez les subventions |
|---|---|---|
| semences | entièrement financé | Initially all the seeds were provided by the government later it was stopped as the land users became financially stable to afford the seeds. |
- infrastructures
| Spécifiez les intrants subventionnés | Dans quelle mesure | Spécifiez les subventions |
|---|---|---|
| Greenhouse | en partie financé | The government paid 80% of the greenhouse's cost, and farmers paid 20%. |
Si la main d'œuvre fournie par les exploitants des terres était un intrant substantiel, elle était:
- volontaire
5.4 Crédits
Des crédits ont-ils été alloués à travers l'Approche pour les activités de GDT?
Oui
Spécifiez les conditions (taux d'intérêts, remboursements, etc.):
The credit was provided to the community members from the group fund of the group without any interest.
Spécifiez les fournisseurs du crédit:
Chairperson and assistant
Spécifiez les destinataires du crédit:
Group members including the chairperson.
5.5 Autres incitations ou instruments
D'autres incitations ou instruments ont-ils été utilisés pour promouvoir la mise en œuvre des Technologies de GDT?
Non
6. Analyses d'impact et conclusions
6.1 Impacts de l'Approche
Est-ce que l'Approche a autonomisé les exploitants locaux des terres, amélioré la participation des parties prenantes?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
The land users are now empowered and are able to implement SLM technologies on their own, because of capacity built through SLM sensitization and hand-on-training.
Est-ce que l'Approche a permis la prise de décisions fondées sur des données probantes?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
The approach enabled land users to make evidence-based decisions. For example, the land users grew certain crops to be sold to the local market. However, the members of other communities started growing the same types of crops. Therefore, to reduce market competition the land users opted for different crops that are not grown by other groups. Also, linking with school feeding program was also a best evident decision.
Est-ce que l'Approche a aidé les exploitants des terres à mettre en œuvre et entretenir les Technologies de GDT?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
The group members collectively could source funds for SLM. The technology implementation through labour sharing was possible only due to the group members cohesiveness.
Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré la coordination et la mise en œuvre de la GDT selon un bon rapport coût-efficacité?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
The labour sharing strategy proved best in effective cost management (cost sharing).
Est-ce que l'Approche a mobilisé/ amélioré l'accès aux ressources financières pour la mise en œuvre de la GDT?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
The group sourced Nu. 200,000/- for the implementation of SLM technologies. Currently, the group makes Nu. 30,00,000/- a year, which they divide among themselves and save a certain amount to be used to maintain the technologies and as an emergency fund.
Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré les connaissances et les capacités des exploitants des terres pour mettre en œuvre la GDT?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Capacity built through SLM sensitization, hand-on-training, and implementation.
Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré les connaissances et les capacités des autres parties prenantes?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
The capacities of local government officials were developed, while making their presence during the program.
Est-ce que l'Approche a construit/ renforcé les institutions, la collaboration entre parties prenantes?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Based on the community's interest and motivation to improve agricultural productivity, other stakeholders are convinced to support and collaborate with them.
Est-ce que l'Approche a atténué les conflits?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
The labour sharing mechanism through this approach has mitigated social conflicts especially due to labour shortage.
Est-ce que l'Approche a autonomisé les groupes socialement et économiquement défavorisés?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
The group members mainly consists of women headed households.
Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré l'égalité entre hommes et femmes et autonomisé les femmes et les filles?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Both male and female have equal rights to be part of the group. Initially, the group started with an equal number of male and female.
Est-ce que l'Approche a encouragé les jeunes/ la prochaine génération d'exploitants des terres à s'engager dans la GDT?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Majority of the children are in schools/colleges. But, they somehow get to engage in SLM program during their vacations representing their parents and relatives. Few youth living in the community are also engaged. Hence, the next generation land users are encouraged.
Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré les questions foncières et des droits d'utilisation qui entravent la mise en œuvre des Technologies?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
The land ownerships are either family or individual. So, there was no prior issues in land tenure or user rights.
Est-ce que l'Approche a conduit à améliorer la sécurité alimentaire et/ou la nutrition?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Before the community mobilization approach, agricultural activity was mainly for self-consumption. The implementation of SLM with this approach has seen increased agricultural productivity even at this initial stage, leading to market-oriented farming, improved household income, improved food and nutrition security.
Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré l'accès aux marchés?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
The approach improved land users' access to the market through school feeding program linkage.
Est-ce que l'Approche a conduit à améliorer l'accès à l'eau et l'assainissement?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
The water harvesting technology implemented through the approach provides irrigation water to the land users' fields.
Est-ce que l'Approche a conduit à l'utilisation/ sources d'énergie plus durables?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
The SLM technologies implemented by the land users in this community is not very related to the sustainable energy uses.
Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré la capacité des exploitants des terres à s'adapter aux changements/ extrêmes climatiques et a atténué les catastrophes liées au climat?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Adverse effects of climate change such as erratic rainfall reduced through SLM, especially due to sloping of agricultural lands.
Est-ce que l'Approche a conduit à des emplois, des opportunités de revenus?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
The approach has significantly improved the land users' income as the technologies increased cultivable area, improved irrigation and eased farming. All these lead to an increase in agricultural productivity and household income.
6.2 Principale motivation des exploitants des terres pour mettre en œuvre la GDT
- augmenter la production
To have more cultivable lands, and enhance nutrient conservation (Soil loss).
- augmenter la rentabilité/ bénéfice, rapport coûts-bénéfices
Large scale vegetable cultivation leading to increased farm income.
- réduire la dégradation des terres
To maintain the quality of the soil and land through control of nutrient loss, loss of productive lands, and higher vegetation coverage.
- réduire la charge de travail
Enhanced farm mechanization and workability leads to reducing number of labors
- améliorer les connaissances et compétences en GDT
The land users have had no formal trainings or exposure to SLM earlier.
- améliorer l'esthétique
The lands transformed through SLM intervention adds aesthetic value to the community.
6.3 Durabilité des activités de l'Approche
Les exploitants des terres peuvent-ils poursuivre ce qui a été mis en œuvre par le biais de l'Approche (sans soutien extérieur)?
- oui
Si oui, décrivez de quelle manière:
The group is financially stable and has strong cooperation and interaction among the members
6.4 Points forts/ avantages de l'Approche
| Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres |
|---|
| The land users are self-sufficient in vegetables, and improved health and well-being of their families. |
| The cooperation and interaction among the group members have been enhanced as the approach involves working in a group where they help each other to achieve a common goal. |
| The approach has made the land users financially stable due to the income generated from selling vegetables. |
| Due to bulk production in a community, the land users are able to access markets having demand for more quantities of vegetables such as school feeding programmes. |
| Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé |
|---|
| The community has a capable leader, which is important to guide the group in terms of difficulties and prevent failure of the approach. |
| The agricultural production has drastically increased, especially winter crops leading to reduced import. |
6.5 Faiblesses/ inconvénients de l'Approche et moyens de les surmonter
| Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres | Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés? |
|---|---|
| The potato production is higher than the market demand | Exploring markets beyond the community and local markets |
| Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé | Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés? |
|---|---|
| Limited market (Only two schools and few local markets) | Explore markets beyond local markets |
7. Références et liens
7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information
- visites de terrain, enquêtes sur le terrain
Five informants
- interviews/entretiens avec les exploitants des terres
Five land users were interviewed
- compilation à partir de rapports et d'autres documents existants
SLM manuals and guidelines
7.2 Références des publications disponibles
Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:
Wangdi, K. (2022). Promoting local farm produce in schools. BBS. Retrieved from http://www.bbs.bt/news/?p=165872
Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?
http://www.bbs.bt/news/?p=165872
Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:
National Soil Service Center. (2011). Bhutan Catalogue of Soil and Water Conservation Approaches and Technologies: Best Practices and Guidelines from Bhutan for Sustainable Land Management on Steep to Very Steep Slopes. National Soil Services Centre (NSSC), Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu.
Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?
https://www.wocat.net/documents/140/Bhutan_catalogue_of_SLM_Technologies_and_Approaches.pdf
7.3 Liens vers les informations pertinentes disponibles en ligne
Titre/ description:
Sustainable Land Managements in Bhutan
URL:
https://www.cif.org/sites/cif_enc/files/knowledge-documents/summary_brief_land_management_bhutan.pdf
Titre/ description:
Community Participatory Sustainable Land Management Byelaw Formulation in the highland of central Ethiopia
URL:
https://www.ajol.info/index.php/acsj/article/view/101368/90558
Liens et modules
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Contour Stone Bunds [Bhoutan]
Contour stone bunding on sloping agricultural lands reduces soil erosion and conserves soil moisture in order to retain soil productivity. It is promoted /recommended on slopes where there is adequate surface stone.
- Compilateur : Nima Dolma Tamang
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