Le système Vallerani [Burkina Faso]
- Création:
- Mise à jour:
- Compilateur: Sabina Galli Vallerani
- Rédacteur: –
- Examinateurs: Rima Mekdaschi Studer, Donia Mühlematter
technologies_1528 - Burkina Faso
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- Le système Vallerani: 8 mars 2019 (public)
- Le système Vallerani: 16 juillet 2018 (inactive)
- Le système Vallerani: 16 juillet 2018 (inactive)
- Le système Vallerani: 12 juillet 2018 (inactive)
- Le système Vallerani: 15 août 2018 (inactive)
- Le système Vallerani: 4 avril 2018 (inactive)
- Le système Vallerani: 4 janvier 2017 (inactive)
Voir les sections
Développer tout Réduire tout1. General information
1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology
land user:
Long Allain
Reach Afrique, NGO
Burkina Faso
SLM specialist:
Lindo Grandi
Deserto Verde Burkinabé, NGO
Switzerland
land user:
Boureima Amadou
Reach Afrique
Burkina Faso
Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Book project: Water Harvesting – Guidelines to Good Practice (Water Harvesting)Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Reach Africa (Reach Africa)Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Reach Italia (Reach Italia) - Italy1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT
When were the data compiled (in the field)?
2012/2018
The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:
Oui
1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology
Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?
Non
2. Description of the SLM Technology
2.1 Short description of the Technology
Definition of the Technology:
Une charrue spéciale tirée par un tracteur forme automatiquement des petits captages d’eau ; cette technologie est parfaitement adaptée aux travaux de régénération à grande échelle.
2.2 Detailed description of the Technology
Description:
L’outil Vallerani est une charrue modifiée, appelée Delfino3 et tirée par un tracteur de grande puissance. En terrain plat, une charrue classique trace des sillons symétriques, la terre s’accumulant des deux côtés du sillon. La charrue Delfino3 n’a qu’un soc réversible qui créé un sillon anguleux et qui n’accumule la terre que du côté aval. Cette terre forme un rebord qui empêche ou ralenti le ruissellement vers l’aval. Le soc de la charrue monte et descend (il rentre et sort de la terre), créant des micro-bassins d’environ 5 m de long, 50 cm de profondeur et espacés de 2 m, chacun avec un rebord. Deux rippers placés à l’avant de la charrue travaillent le sol à une profondeur de 70 cm, se relevant avant les cuvettes et redescendant entre elles, formant ainsi une poche de rétention pour l’eau qui s’écoule directement des cuvettes. Même avec de très faibles pluviométries (150-500 mm/an), chaque micro-captage/poche de réserve peut récolter 1’500 litres d’eau, y compris le ruissellement. Cette eau est protégée de l’évaporation et reste disponible pour les racines des plantes et les aquifères.
Le Systeme Vallerani (VS) est basé sur un semis direct de graines de buissons et d’arbres indigènes disponibles sur place. Ils sont semés sur les bords des cuvettes et dans le sillon du ripper. Dans la zone de l’étude de cas, Acacia tortilis, Ziziphus mauritania, Balanites aegyptiaca, Acacia senegal, Acacia seyal et Faidherbia albida ont été semés. Bien que la plupart des graines peuvent être récoltées par la population locale, il est nécessaire d’acheter les graines chez des pépiniéristes pour certaines espèces rares dans la région. L’utilisation de fumier de chèvre contenant des graines et semé directement s’est aussi montrée efficace (au moins un arbre pousse dans environ 95% des micro-bassin). Le surplus d’humidité maintenu longtemps à disposition des arbres leur permet de pousser rapidement ; la couverture herbacée s’améliore, en qualité et en quantité, fournissant 20-30 fois plus de fourrage (1'000-2'000 kg de biomasse sèche/ha/an), contribuant aussi à la conservation des sols. La zone labourée et semée n’est pas clôturée ; le pâturage par les animaux est autorisé afin que les villageois puissent profiter du fourrage, réduisant ainsi l’accumulation de biomasse combustible qui augmenterait encore le risque d’incendie en saison sèche.
En une journée, la charrue Vallerani peut « traiter » jusqu’à 20 ha, creusant 5'720 micro-bassins. Les atouts de la charrue Delfino3 sont sa vitesse et son efficacité dans la lutte contre la désertification, mais ils peuvent aussi être un facteur limitant majeur car, pour en tirer le maximum, il faut trouver de grandes surfaces de terres à reboiser ou à cultiver, ce qui n’est faisable qu’au moyen d’initiatives publiques ou d’entreprises. La diffusion « en traînée de poudre » propre à cette étude de cas s’est faite grâce à la présence sur le territoire d’une OGN déjà active et implantée depuis de nombreuses années, et par la persévérance, le respect et les compétences du partenaire « du Nord ». Une fois que le projet a investi dans le tracteur et la charrue (tracteur ~ 70'000 EUR, charrue ~ 40'000 EUR), les autres coûts de mise en œuvre – main d’œuvre locale et conducteurs, carburant, etc. sont d’environ EUR 125 / ha / an.
La zone d’étude de cas, dans le nord-est du Burkina Faso, reçoit 300-500 mm de précipitations par an. Les sols de cette région agro-pastorale sont fortement dégradés avec une faible densité d’arbres et une absence quasi-totale de couverture herbacée.
2.3 Photos of the Technology
2.4 Videos of the Technology
Comments, short description:
A short video that introduces the Vallerani System.The video has been shot in the project area.
Date:
14/05/2014
Location:
Oudalan, Burkina Faso
Name of videographer:
Jonathan van Laamsverde
Comments, short description:
The presentation of the ICARDA Minared project applying the Vallerani System for rangeland rehabilitation in the Jordan Badia.
Date:
16/06/2016
Location:
Badia, Jordan
Comments, short description:
Reach Italia and Deserto Verde Burkinabé present the project of soil rehabilitation and food security in Burkina Faso. Italian text.
Date:
01/09/2009
Location:
Oudalan, Burkina Faso
2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment
Country:
Burkina Faso
Region/ State/ Province:
Oudalan
Further specification of location:
Gorom-Gorom
Comments:
Since the project is going on since 2002, it is possible to see implemented sites in different stadium of rehabilitation. The plowing lines are clearly visible.
Map
×2.6 Date of implementation
If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:
- 10-50 years ago
2.7 Introduction of the Technology
Specify how the Technology was introduced:
- during experiments/ research
- through projects/ external interventions
Comments (type of project, etc.):
The Technology was introduced in the Region in an agro-sylvo-pastoral pilot project to fight against desertification by FAO in 1996-97.
3. Classification of the SLM Technology
3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology
- improve production
- reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
- preserve/ improve biodiversity
- adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts
- mitigate climate change and its impacts
- create beneficial economic impact
- create beneficial social impact
3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Grazing land
Extensive grazing land:
- Semi-nomadism/ pastoralism
Main animal species and products:
Goats, cattle

Unproductive land
Specify:
Hard abbandoned land
Remarks:
Especially at the beginning of the project, some communities agreed to try the system on their most unproductive land. After seeing the results, they started to request the intervention on less degraded soil and on fields that are closer to their villages.
Comments:
Problèmes: le problème principal est la dégradation-désertification avec diminution du couvert végétal en termes de densité de plantes et d’espèces : disparition de l’herbe et des arbres, diminution de la taille des plantes résistantes et de l’activité biologique du sol. Augmentation du ruissellement, de l’érosion éolienne et hydrique. Sécheresse et précipitations irrégulières avec conséquences graves sur la fertilité du sol, la disponibilité en eau pour les humains et le bétail, la recharge des aquifères.
3.3 Further information about land use
Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:
- rainfed
Number of growing seasons per year:
- 1
Specify:
90 jours
3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs
- agroforestry
- pastoralism and grazing land management
- water harvesting
3.5 Spread of the Technology
Specify the spread of the Technology:
- evenly spread over an area
If the Technology is evenly spread over an area, indicate approximate area covered:
- 100-1,000 km2
Comments:
Total area covered by the SLM Technology in the Region is about 25.600 hectares up to 2017.
3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

vegetative measures
- V1: Tree and shrub cover
- V2: Grasses and perennial herbaceous plants

structural measures
- S2: Bunds, banks
- S4: Level ditches, pits

management measures
- M1: Change of land use type
- M2: Change of management/ intensity level
- M3: Layout according to natural and human environment
3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

soil erosion by water
- Wt: loss of topsoil/ surface erosion
- Wg: gully erosion/ gullying
- Wo: offsite degradation effects

soil erosion by wind
- Et: loss of topsoil
- Eo: offsite degradation effects

chemical soil deterioration
- Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content (not caused by erosion)

physical soil deterioration
- Pc: compaction
- Pk: slaking and crusting
- Pi: soil sealing
- Pu: loss of bio-productive function due to other activities

biological degradation
- Bc: reduction of vegetation cover
- Bh: loss of habitats
- Bq: quantity/ biomass decline
- Bs: quality and species composition/ diversity decline
- Bl: loss of soil life

water degradation
- Ha: aridification
- Hg: change in groundwater/aquifer level
Comments:
Causes de dégradation: surexploitation de la végétation pour l’usage domestique, surpâturage, changement des précipitations saisonnières, sécheresses, déforestation / disparition de la végétation naturelle (inclus les feux de forêts), éducation, accès à la connaissance et aux conseils
3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation
Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
- reduce land degradation
- restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land
4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs
4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology
4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing
(en haut) A. La parcelle choisie avec la population locale est labourée avec la charrue spéciale Delfino3. B. Les habitants locaux sèment des graines (récoltées sur les arbres de la région ou achetées si les espèces sont rares) ou du fumier de chèvre qui contient des graines (récolté dans les enclos de nuit après avoir secoué les arbres pour faire tomber les graines mûres, que les chèvres mangent). C. Les micro-bassins récoltent la pluie qui tombe dans les croissants et 50% de l’eau de ruissellement. L’eau pénètre facilement dans le sol, remplit les poches de rétention, reste disponible pour les racines des plantes et s’infiltre dans les nappes phréatiques sans risque d’évaporation. Chaque micro-bassin/poche de rétention peut récolter jusqu’à 1'500 l of water.
(en bas) h1 - profondeur de travail du soc = 40/50 cm ; largeur du micro-bassin = 40/50 cm ; L1 - longueur du micro-bassin, programmable = 3,5/5 m ; h2 - profondeur de travail des rippers = 50/80 cm ; P- longueur totale du travail = 4/8 m. Puissance du tracteur 210/250CV (150-198 KW) ; vitesse de travail : 4/7 Km/h ; poids 2'000 kg
Location: Gorom Gorom, Oudalan. Burkina Faso
Main technical functions: contrôle de la battance (‘splash’), amélioration de la couverture du sol, amélioration de la structure de la couche arable du sol (tassement, compaction), stabilisation du sol (par ex. par des racines d’arbres contre les glissements de terrain), récupération de l’eau / augmentation des réserves d’eau, augmentation de la biomasse (quantité), développement des espèces végétales et de la variété (qualité, ex: fourrage appétent)
Secondary technical functions: augmentation de la matière organique, augmentation de la disponibilité des nutriments (réserve, recyclage, …), augmentation de l'infiltration, augmentation / maintien de la rétention d'eau dans le sol
4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs
Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:
- per Technology area
Indicate size and area unit:
100 hectares
Specify currency used for cost calculations:
- US Dollars
Indicate average wage cost of hired labour per day:
2.5
4.4 Establishment activities
Activity | Type of measure | Timing | |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Planification du projet, conseil et formation SV et experts nationaux | Other measures | Before starting |
2. | Labour avec charrue spéciale Delfino, tirée par un tracteur de 210CV | Structural | Saison sèche |
3. | 3. Récolte des graines effectuée par la population locale, soit en les récoltant sur les plantes, soit en secouant les arbres au bon moment pour en nourrir les chèvres et moutons, pour collecter le fumier dans l’enclos de nuit | Agronomic | When seeds are ripe |
4. | Le reste des graines peut être acheté dans les marchés locaux ou, si les arbres sont rares ou l’espèce a disparu, chez un pépiniériste | Agronomic | Quand les graines sont mûres |
5. | Semis direct | Agronomic | Saison sèche |
4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment
Specify input | Unit | Quantity | Costs per Unit | Total costs per input | % of costs borne by land users | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | main d'oevre | ha | ||||
Equipment | usage de machines | ha |
If land user bore less than 100% of costs, indicate who covered the remaining costs:
Founders
Comments:
The actual (2018) average cost of the implementation is $ 170 per hectare. This cost can be considerably reduced by around 22% in the case of an optimal use of the Technical Mechanization Unit, ie 800-1000 hours of work per year. This means that an operator who works with the plow Delfino has a gross investment cost which can vary according to its technical and organizational experience and by the amount of the plowed surface each year.
4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities
Activity | Type of measure | Timing/ frequency | |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Pas d’activités d’entretien | Vegetative | After the rain and in the dry season |
2. | Vegetation growth management | Vegetative | During the first 3-5 years |
3. | Woodcut management | Vegetative | After 4-7 years |
4. | Equipment maintenance (plow, tactor) | Management | Daily, weekly, seasonal |
4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)
If land user bore less than 100% of costs, indicate who covered the remaining costs:
Founders
Comments:
Toutes les données du tableau concernent un projet idéal qui dure 5 ans avec 3'000 hectares labourés chaque année. Tous les travaux effectués donnent lieu à rétribution économique. Le point 1 fait référence à la planification, à la formation et aux conseillers techniques/ingénieurs consultants, qui ont un fort impact sur le coût à l’ha ($47). Cette valeur resterait identique si 3MTU (Mechanized Technical Unit) étaient utilisées dans la même zone, réduisant le coût à $ 15,6 par ha.
4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs
Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:
Le coût initial d’acquisition du matériel est d’environ 40'000 EUR pour la charrue et de 70'000 EUR pour le tracteur.
5. Natural and human environment
5.1 Climate
Annual rainfall
- < 250 mm
- 251-500 mm
- 501-750 mm
- 751-1,000 mm
- 1,001-1,500 mm
- 1,501-2,000 mm
- 2,001-3,000 mm
- 3,001-4,000 mm
- > 4,000 mm
Specifications/ comments on rainfall:
400-600 mm
Indicate the name of the reference meteorological station considered:
Dori, Burkina Faso
Agro-climatic zone
- semi-arid
- arid
Thermal climate class: subtropics. Average temperature 30°C
5.2 Topography
Slopes on average:
- flat (0-2%)
- gentle (3-5%)
- moderate (6-10%)
- rolling (11-15%)
- hilly (16-30%)
- steep (31-60%)
- very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
- plateau/plains
- ridges
- mountain slopes
- hill slopes
- footslopes
- valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
- 0-100 m a.s.l.
- 101-500 m a.s.l.
- 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
- 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
- 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
- 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
- 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
- 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
- > 4,000 m a.s.l.
Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:
- not relevant
5.3 Soils
Soil depth on average:
- very shallow (0-20 cm)
- shallow (21-50 cm)
- moderately deep (51-80 cm)
- deep (81-120 cm)
- very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil):
- coarse/ light (sandy)
- medium (loamy, silty)
Soil texture (> 20 cm below surface):
- coarse/ light (sandy)
- medium (loamy, silty)
Topsoil organic matter:
- low (<1%)
5.4 Water availability and quality
Ground water table:
> 50 m
Availability of surface water:
medium
Water quality (untreated):
poor drinking water (treatment required)
Is water salinity a problem?
Non
Is flooding of the area occurring?
Non
Comments and further specifications on water quality and quantity:
Generally the watertable is lowering. Surface water is collected in boulies (ponds) for livestock and household activities. Its quality deteriorates during the dry season and its quantity decreases fast.
5.5 Biodiversity
Species diversity:
- low
Habitat diversity:
- low
Comments and further specifications on biodiversity:
Up to 30-50 years ago biodiversity was reach and soil coverage higher.
5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology
Sedentary or nomadic:
- Semi-nomadic
Market orientation of production system:
- subsistence (self-supply)
Off-farm income:
- less than 10% of all income
Relative level of wealth:
- very poor
- poor
Individuals or groups:
- groups/ community
Level of mechanization:
- manual work
Gender:
- women
- men
Age of land users:
- youth
- middle-aged
Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:
Le projet comprend la reforestation et la reconstruction de la strate herbacée du pâturage pour le bétail, qui sont des activités effectuées par les hommes. Depuis 2010, les femmes ont semé des plantes spéciales à usage médicale, domestique et comme matière première pour l'artisanat et les a protégées du pâturage.
La seule activité des habitants de la région est l’élevage de chèvres et de vaches. Les cultures ne servent qu’à la subsistance.
5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology
- < 0.5 ha
- 0.5-1 ha
- 1-2 ha
- 2-5 ha
- 5-15 ha
- 15-50 ha
- 50-100 ha
- 100-500 ha
- 500-1,000 ha
- 1,000-10,000 ha
- > 10,000 ha
Is this considered small-, medium- or large-scale (referring to local context)?
- small-scale
5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights
Land ownership:
- state
- communal/ village
Land use rights:
- open access (unorganized)
- communal (organized)
Water use rights:
- open access (unorganized)
- communal (organized)
5.9 Access to services and infrastructure
health:
- poor
- moderate
- good
education:
- poor
- moderate
- good
technical assistance:
- poor
- moderate
- good
employment (e.g. off-farm):
- poor
- moderate
- good
markets:
- poor
- moderate
- good
energy:
- poor
- moderate
- good
roads and transport:
- poor
- moderate
- good
drinking water and sanitation:
- poor
- moderate
- good
financial services:
- poor
- moderate
- good
6. Impacts and concluding statements
6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown
Socio-economic impacts
Production
crop production
Quantity after SLM:
2-4 times
Comments/ specify:
Crop production and biomass augmented 2-4 times compared with traditional cultural techniques.
fodder production
Quantity before SLM:
90kg/MS/ha
Quantity after SLM:
1250kg/MS/ha
Comments/ specify:
Grass fodder production increased by a factor of 5–30 compared with unmanaged land. The production of herbaceous biomass varied from 420 kg to 2.090 kg (dry matter) per ha; thus, on average, 1.250 kg of herbaceous biomass (dry matter) per ha developed on sites where the Vallerani system was deployed, compared with an average of 90 kg (dry matter) per ha in control plots. Vegetation is mainly distributed inside and around the micro basins.
fodder quality
Quantity before SLM:
12 floral species
Quantity after SLM:
44 floral species
Comments/ specify:
The application of the Technology boosts a regenaration process increasing year by year. Compared to the surrounding control rangelands, fodder quality and biodiversity increased with a high proportion of grassland species of good forage value, such as Panicum laetum and Schonefeldia gracilis, and the return of legume species such as Alysicarpus ovalifolius and Zornia glochidiata also testify the improvement of the quality of the reconstituted pastures.
animal production
Comments/ specify:
The increase of fodder quantity and quality represents a surplus of 22–106 grazing days per tropical cattle unit per hectare. This extra fodder supply reduces the need to make long-range transhumance or cut shrubs to meet livestock needs for fodder, even in years where pasture is low. Livestock is fed with more and better quality fodder so its productivity and market price increase.
wood production
forest/ woodland quality
Quantity before SLM:
20 trees/ha of 6 species
Quantity after SLM:
700 trees/ha of 14 species
Comments/ specify:
Significant improvement in forest cover (700 live trees and shrubbs per ha, on average) and biodiversity: trees are capable of spontaneous growth even with open access to grazing and in years of high water stress.
non-wood forest production
Comments/ specify:
Berries, gum arabica, resins, fruits.
risk of production failure
Comments/ specify:
The increased fodder quantity, quality and biodiversity, the deep root system of the sown plants, increase resilience of the ecosystem and reduce the risk of production failure. The increased biodiversity, soil moisture and fertility increase the resilience of plants to attacks by pests, deseases and drought. Even in the case of severe drought, there are some plants that can be used as "emergency food" by humans and animals.
product diversity
Comments/ specify:
The implementation of the Technology gives the opportunity to diversify the production. Next to animal breeding, agriculture has intensified and in some villages the production of handicrafts, food processing, hunting and tourism activities are developping. Berries, gum arabica, resins, fruits enrich the family diet or can be sold at markets. Wild animals, insects, reptiles and birds have returned after decades and greatelly increased.
production area
Quantity after SLM:
25.600ha
Comments/ specify:
By the end of 2017 about 25.600 hectares of severelly degraded, abbandoned land has been rehabilitated.
Water availability and quality
drinking water availability
Comments/ specify:
Local people attest that the rehabilitation of large areas of bare soil augmented the local rain amount and the water level in the wells.
water availability for livestock
Comments/ specify:
The rain collected in the micro basins is available for livestock during the rainy season. The augmented rainfall also increases water availability in boulies (ponds).
demand for irrigation water
Comments/ specify:
No water is needed for the Technology except for rain.
Income and costs
expenses on agricultural inputs
Comments/ specify:
The implementation cost of the technology is not entirelly sustainable by Communities. donors and founders sustain the project. Large-scale application reduces the cost per hectare and increases the impact of actions in reversing the degradation–desertification trend. The cost of each plowed hectare.
farm income
Comments/ specify:
Fodder increase in quality and quantity, improve animal health and productivity as well as their market price.
diversity of income sources
Comments/ specify:
The Technology increases income for herders and their families also thanks to diversification. More land is also used for agriculture. Selling or transformation of other products such as berries, fruits, gums, resins; hunting; new job opportunities in disadvantaged areas such as tractor drivers, social promoters, seed collectors...The community raises awareness and a potential for small business activities occurs, mainly among women.
economic disparities
Comments/ specify:
Disadvantaged groups such as women start new economic activities such as mat production and sale at markets, medical plants and food production. They diversify their income and improve their status in the community.
workload
Quantity before SLM:
5 micro basins/day
Quantity after SLM:
6.000 micro basins/day
Comments/ specify:
Each man can dig 5 micro basins per day doing a heavy work. The plow can dig 6.000-7.000 micro basins per day. As most rangelands, the area of the project has a low human density (29 inhabitants/km2) so people are responsible for seed collection and storage, sowing, the livestock management during the first growing phase, monitoring activities, a.s.o.
Other socio-economic impacts
Migration
Comments/ specify:
Increased and improved fodder availability reduces the need for long-range tranhumance and seasonal or definitive migration to areas with more work opportunities (e.g. mines), cities or other countries.
Socio-cultural impacts
food security/ self-sufficiency
Comments/ specify:
Food security improves with increased and diversified productivity and income. The increased fodder and crop quantity, quality and biodiversity, the deep root system and soil fertility, increase the resilience of the whole ecosystem. Even in the case of severe drought, there are some plants that can be used as "emergency food" by humans and animals.
health situation
Comments/ specify:
Improved health especially due to better nutrition also for disadvantaged groups such as children and old people: bigger amounts, diversification, milk, vegetables. The reduction of dust storms also improves the health situation.
land use/ water rights
Comments/ specify:
Awareness rising and discussion of the theme are essential. Due to the great productivity of former degraded and often abandoned land, land use rules and water rights are clearly discussed and defined at the beginning of the project. Rules for SLM are adopted and respected by all; for example, it is forbidden to install camps in or near restored areas, to cut trees, and to mow for commercial purposes.
recreational opportunities
Comments/ specify:
Shadow, green areas near the villages increase recreational opportunities.
community institutions
Comments/ specify:
It is essential to involve and give responsibility to local people in every step of the process. Comities and groups such as the women or seniors groups gain relevance and become essential for the sustainability of the project.
national institutions
Comments/ specify:
Collaborations with national institutions such as forestry direction, ministery of environnement and agricolture, research institutes, etc
SLM/ land degradation knowledge
Comments/ specify:
All communities are involved in the management process – identifying the areas and the use of the sites to be restored, planning, and implementing (e.g. gathering and keeping seeds of local ecotypes, manure and sowing). Local villages are involved in the care and defence of new plantations and in the monitoring and evaluation of the results of vegetation growth. Ultimatelly they become responsable for the sustainable management of the whole area.
conflict mitigation
Comments/ specify:
If land use and water rights are clearly defined, the increased availability of fodder reduces conflicts with neighbours and farmers.
situation of socially and economically disadvantaged groups
Community well being
Comments/ specify:
People have more confidence in the future, dignity and hope. The Community cohesion and identity is strenghtened and the community becomes more resilient to conflicts and disasters.
Ecological impacts
Water cycle/ runoff
water quantity
Quantity after SLM:
360.000l/ha
Comments/ specify:
With each rain, each micro basin can collect up to 1.200l of water. Each hectare collects an average of 360.000 liter of rain, runoff included. Collected in the micro basin, the water has enough time to infiltrate in the soil profile and eventually in the water table. Local people assert that after the implementation of the Technology, the water level in the wells has raised.
harvesting/ collection of water
Comments/ specify:
The Technology allows to harvest 100% of the rain falling in the micro basin and on the ripped furrow as well as up to 90% of the rain falling between the tilled lines. The bare soil between the tilled lines is essential as catchment area, to recieve rainfall and process runoff downstream. The micro basins collect up to 95% of rainfall.
surface runoff
Quantity before SLM:
5-15%
Quantity after SLM:
90%
Comments/ specify:
Plowing is done along the contour. This is essential to collect the runoff that flows between the tilled lines (catchment area). The distance between the lines can be between 4m and 12m depending from: slope, rain characteristics (quantity, intensity), soil type, surface roughness (runoff coheficient), the purpose of the project (type of plants desired). The technology allows to collect up to 90% of the runoff.
groundwater table/ aquifer
Comments/ specify:
Local people assert that after the implementation of the technology, the water level in the wells has raised.
evaporation
Comments/ specify:
The rain collected in the micro basins infiltrates in the soil profile being accessible for seeds and roots without evaporating. After the first rains, the micro basins are quickly covered with high grasses that contribute to reduce evaporation.
Soil
soil moisture
Comments/ specify:
Improved soil hydrodynamic properties: the relative size of capillaries by different soil levels increased and the soil water-retaining capability improved.
soil cover
soil loss
Comments/ specify:
Reduced soil loss through runoff reduction and wind erosion.
soil compaction
Quantity before SLM:
423
Quantity after SLM:
70
Comments/ specify:
At different depth soil compactness reduces from 6 (0 to 20cm) to 1.3 times (40 to 60cm)
nutrient cycling/ recharge
soil organic matter/ below ground C
Biodiversity: vegetation, animals
Vegetation cover
Comments/ specify:
Vegetation cover increase 5 to 30 times. Vegetation grows mainly inside and around the micro basins.
biomass/ above ground C
Quantity before SLM:
70 to 110kg/MS/ha
Quantity after SLM:
420 to 2090 kg/MS/ha
Comments/ specify:
The biomass production increases 5 to 30 times compared to the nearby unplowed soil. On implemented sites, biomass varies from 420 to 2090 kg / DM / ha, on average between 1000 and 1200 kg / ha against 70 to 110kg / DM / ha on control plots.
plant diversity
Quantity before SLM:
14 herbaceous, 6 woody species/ha
Quantity after SLM:
44 herbaceous, 14 woody species/ha
Comments/ specify:
Floral diversity increases from 14 to 44 species. With a high proportion of graminaceous species of good forage value and the return of more leguminous species. Concerning the diversity of woody plants the results show an average per hectare of 14 species on implemented sites and an average of 6 species on control plots.
animal diversity
Comments/ specify:
A great increase of animal biodiversity: insects, birds, reptiles and mammals (such as squirrel, jackals, gazelle...) are observed in the implemented sites.
pest/ disease control
Comments/ specify:
The increased vegetal and animal biodiversity, deep root system, soil fertility and water availability, increase the health and resilience capacity of the whole ecosystem.
Climate and disaster risk reduction
flood impacts
Comments/ specify:
Through water harvesting the rain is retained in the precipitation area and flood risk decreases. If flood occurs in the plowed area before the vegetation is well established, the micro basins can be washed out.
drought impacts
Comments/ specify:
Increased biodiversity, vegetation cover and soil fertility, deep root system and water storage in the soil profile, increase the resilience to drought of the whole ecosystem. During the project, in years of extreme drought, plants have reduced their growth but most of them survived, were used to feed animals and started growing again in the following rainy season.
emission of carbon and greenhouse gases
Comments/ specify:
Minimal production of carbon dioxide compared with the potential gain.
fire risk
Comments/ specify:
The implementing area remains open to lifestock (regulated pasture) to reduce the high production of grass that could favor the spread of a fire, herders also monitor the territory. There is a high level of community involvement and a growing ecological awareness.
wind velocity
Comments/ specify:
The great number of growing trees reduce the wind speed.
micro-climate
Comments/ specify:
Local people attest that the Technology locally increased the amount of rain and reduced dust storms in number and intensity.
6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown
water availability
Comments/ specify:
Local people tell that the rehabilitation of large areas of bare soil augmented the local rain amount and the water level in the wells.
wind transported sediments
Comments/ specify:
Wind intensity and dust storms reduction thanks to soil coverage and wind brake effect by trees and shrubs.
6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)
Gradual climate change
Gradual climate change
Season | Type of climatic change/ extreme | How does the Technology cope with it? | |
---|---|---|---|
annual temperature | increase | very well | |
seasonal temperature | dry season | increase | very well |
annual rainfall | decrease | well | |
seasonal rainfall | wet/ rainy season | decrease | well |
Climate-related extremes (disasters)
Meteorological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it? | |
---|---|
local rainstorm | moderately |
local sandstorm/ duststorm | very well |
local windstorm | very well |
Hydrological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it? | |
---|---|
flash flood | not well |
Biological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it? | |
---|---|
insect/ worm infestation | well |
6.4 Cost-benefit analysis
How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Short-term returns:
positive
Long-term returns:
very positive
How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Short-term returns:
positive
Long-term returns:
very positive
Comments:
La mise en œuvre de la technologie est coûteuse. Après installation, l’entretien est peu coûteux et rapporte grâce à la productivité +++.
6.5 Adoption of the Technology
- 10-50%
If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):
330 villages and around 33.000 beneficiaries
Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?
- 50-90%
Comments:
Le système comprend l’utilisation d’un tracteur puissant et d’une charrue spéciale à coût élevé, difficile à financer par la population locale. Toutes les activités en lien sont effectuées (ou peuvent l’être) sans soutien matériel externe
6.6 Adaptation
Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?
Oui
other (specify):
technical
Specify adaptation of the Technology (design, material/ species, etc.):
The design of the plow has been adapted to increase the performance of the implement and reduce the running costs of plowing. The reversibility of the plowshare reduces the need for empty rides. The different parts of the plow are adjustable to adapt it to the needs of the project and the soil characteristics.
6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view |
---|
Higly degraded, abandoned land becomes fertile and rentable again. Fodder increases in quantity and improves in quality and lasts all year round. Food security also in drought years. Herds are healthier and more productive. Fodder and water availability for animals is closer to the villages. Some plants can be sown for different uses: crops, medicine or for the production of mats or other handcrafts products that can be sold. |
Better life conditions, more income opportunities and diversification. Food is diversified and more nutritious. Less hunger and deseases. |
Greater community cohesion and less migration, better environnemental conciousness and commitment, education and security. People gain back dignity, confidence in the future and hope. |
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view |
---|
La pratique permet de traiter rapidement de très grandes surfaces dégradées, en peu de temps |
Les arbres et buissons plantés sont des espèces indigènes adaptées localement |
La technique de labour du système Vallerani offre la meilleure efficience dès les premières années après la mise en œuvre, qui ne doit pas être répétée car les effets persistent longtemps sur les parcelles |
Le SV n’utilise pas d’eau (sauf la pluie) dans des pays où l’eau est rare et précieuse. De plus, il évite la salinisation des sols |
Le delfino3 peut labourer des terres fortement dégradées, ce qui fait que les populations locales demandent souvent pour travailler leurs terres les plus dégradées |
6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view | How can they be overcome? |
---|---|
Land that was unproductive and nobody claimed becomes productive: it can lead to misunderstandigs and conflicts. | Land use and production exploitation rules must be cleared and accepted by all Subjects at the beginning of the project. |
Good pasture attracts animals and herders from the nearby Region (also from far away and abroad). | Rules must be clear. |
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view | How can they be overcome? |
---|---|
Les coûts d’investissement pour les machines sont extrêmement élevés et ne peuvent financés par les exploitants individuels, ni même par les communautés | les projets doivent être financés de l’extérieur. |
La vitesse et l’efficacité de la charrue Delfino3 sont ses grands atouts dans la lutte contre la désertification mais peuvent aussi être une limitation majeure dans sa mise en œuvre car il faut trouver de grandes surfaces à reboiser ou à cultiver | cela devient possible avec un large public ou l’initiative d’une entreprise. |
Comme de grandes superficies sont traitées, il faut une organisation importante pour toutes les activités (sensibilisation, récolte des graines, formation du personnel, logistique, etc.) | tout cela doit être très bien organisé et opérationnel avant le début du labour |
Les coûts d’investissement pour les machines sont extrêmement élevés et ne peuvent financés par les exploitants individuels, ni même par les communautés | les projets doivent être financés de l’extérieur. |
Les coûts d’investissement pour les machines sont extrêmement élevés et ne peuvent financés par les exploitants individuels, ni même par les communautés | les projets doivent être financés de l’extérieur. |
7. References and links
7.1 Methods/ sources of information
- field visits, field surveys
4
- interviews with land users
30
- interviews with SLM specialists/ experts
8
- compilation from reports and other existing documentation
5
7.2 References to available publications
Title, author, year, ISBN:
Conedera, M., N. Bomio-Pacciorini, et al. 2010. Reconstitution des écosystèmes dégradés sahéliens. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques 304(2).
Available from where? Costs?
http://www.vallerani.com/images/Reconstitution.pdf
Title, author, year, ISBN:
Akhtar Ali, Theib Oweis, Atef Abdul Aal, Mohamed Mudabbar, Khaled Zubaidi, and Adriana Bruggeman. 2006. The Vallerani Water Harvesting System. ICARDA Caravan No. 23.
Available from where? Costs?
http://www.vallerani.com/images/Caravan-23.pdf
7.3 Links to relevant information which is available online
Title/ description:
Récupération des sols fortement dégradés à des fins sylvo-pastorales, CILSS 2009
URL:
http://www.vallerani.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Rapport-Reach-Cills-2009.pdf
Title/ description:
GIZ, Good practices in soil and water conservation, pag. 22 seg.
URL:
https://www.giz.de/fachexpertise/downloads/giz2012-en-soil-water-conservation.pdf
Title/ description:
Using Mechanized Water Harvesting System (The Vallerani System ) for Rehabilitation of Degraded ASALs in Kenya
URL:
http://www.vallerani.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Meshack-Muga-Paper-25-Final.pdf
Title/ description:
Report for the Sino-Italian cooperation project, SFA, China
URL:
http://www.vallerani.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Report_in_English-10.pdf
Title/ description:
Global guidelines for the restoration of degraded forests and landscapes in drylands FAO, pag. 104 seg.
URL:
http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5036e.pdf
Title/ description:
Improved rainwater harvesting for fodder shrub production and livestock grazing: the Vallerani micro-catchment system in the Badia of Jordan
URL:
http://www.fao.org/family-farming/detail/en/c/1040697/
Title/ description:
Conedera, M., N. Bomio-Pacciorini, et al. 2010. Reconstitution des écosystèmes dégradés sahéliens. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques 304(2). Bois et Forêts des Tropiques 304(2). Bois et Forêts des Tropiques
URL:
http://www.vallerani.com/images/Reconstitution.pdf
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