1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

The Transboundary Agro-ecosystem Management Project for the Kagera River Basin (GEF-FAO / Kagera TAMP )

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO Food and Agriculture Organization) - Italie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Ngara District Council (Ngara District Council) - Tanzanie

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.5 Référence au(x) Questionnaires sur les Approches de GDT (documentées au moyen de WOCAT)

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Establishment of apiaries in natural forests to retard forest mismanagement and improve honey production

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

This technology has been practiced in Ngara region for the last 50 year and involves construction and upkeep of apiaries for honey and related goods production. The apiaries are constructed by farmers (traditional) or purchased (modern box hieves) and then positioned in a designated forest area that is away from settlements and public places. The apiaries should be hanged on a strong branches of trees with good shade and the honey production process takes from 9 to 12 months.

Purpose of the Technology: It is recommended to apply this technology in the forest that is exposed to deforestation as apiaries help to enhance forest protection. The establishment of apiaries help to improve management of the natural forest while increasing production of honey. This will contribute to the better livelihood of the community and environmental wellbeing.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The described technology covers area of enclosed 4 hectares of natural forest and establishment of 365 apiaries (338 traditional, 27 box hives); the group of practitioners consist of 10 members (7 male and 3 female). The establishment procedures require: a) identification of forest at risk of degradation, b) ermarcation of the apiary forest, c) creefing of fire breaks d) reparations for and hanging the beehives (traditional and box hives). Maintanance acivities include a) regular slashing of grasses and bushes around the trees with hives b)grading with hand hoes the fire breaks/ roads around the entire forest for fire protection before each dry season c) cleaning of hives,repairs and harvest honey with bee protectives (bee smoker,bee veils,gloves) to eliminate the risks of fire in the forest.Patrol and guard tresspassers d) monitoring pests and diseases

Natural / human environment: Natural occuring tree species include: Combretus spp., Albizia spp., Parinari spp., Pericopsis spp. and Eucalyptus woodlots. Grazing areas are nearby but restricted by village by laws to tress pass in the forest apiary
The aipiaries should be located near permanent water sources because bees use water for honey production and cooling in the hives. Farmers with bee hives become more committed to protect their forest when they hang beehives in the area. Honey is harvested for consumption, trade and medicinal mixtures
The land users are small scale subsistance farmers with poor to average income/wealth,organised as a group of 10 farmers. the population density is between 200-500 people per square km and anual population growth at 2-3% Land ownership is both individual and communal but there are natural forestl areas owned communally through village governments where groups may access temporarily by request to establish environmental friendly activities such as forest apiaries.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a plus de 50 ans (technologie traditionnelle)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• dans le cadre d'un système traditionnel (> 50 ans)

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

Beekeeping using local hives is a tradtional practice among the the Hangaza and Shubi ethinic tribes of Ngara district

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• protéger un bassin versant/ des zones situées en aval - en combinaison avec d'autres technologies
• conserver/ améliorer la biodiversité

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Deforestation and fire burning during dry season
Reduction of biodiversity

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Droughts and vegetation burning during dry seasons

Problems / comments regarding forest use: the natural forest has been set aside for establishing bee apiaries therefore only forest managenet operation are conducted(slashing of grass)

3.4 Approvisionnement en eau

Commentaires:

Number of growing seasons per year:

2

Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 120; Longest growing period from month to month: Sept-December; Second longest growing period in days: 90; Second longest growing period from month to month: March to May

3.5 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• fermeture de zones (arrêt de tout usage, appui à la réhabilitation)
• apiculture, aquaculture, élevage de volailles, de lapins, du ver à soie, etc.

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main type of degradation addressed: Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bh: loss of habitats, Bq: quantity / biomass decline, Bf: detrimental effects of fires, Bs: quality and species composition /diversity decline

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Deforestation through cutting of trees), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (Mainly for firewood), industrial activities and mining (Firewood for burning bricks made from clay), droughts, land tenure (Lack of village land use plans for the area), governance / institutional (Weak natural resources enforcent institution at village level)

Secondary causes of degradation: overgrazing

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• prévenir la dégradation des terres
• réduire la dégradation des terres

Commentaires:

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Indiquez la monnaie utilisée pour le calcul des coûts:

• dollars américains

4.3 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Calendrier des activités (saisonnier)
1.	Purchase of hives and binding wires	Before dry season
2.	Purchase of beekeeping protectives	Routine
3.	Slashing, screefing bushes and tall grasses; planting hedge around forest boundary	Before dry season
4.	Baiting and hanging apiaries	Before dry season
5.	Purhase of cuttings (euphobia spp)	wet season

Commentaires:

FOREST CONSERVATION APIARIES technology REVISED PART-November 2013 Description and purpose This is a practice where farmers hang bee hives on branches of trees in the forest and keep the honey bees between six to twelve months whereby honey is already mature for harvesting. Conventional beekeeping methods have introduced other practices such as placing beehives on stands/platforms and keeping many hives in the shelter bee houses whereby honey production can be increased. The trees and forest where bee hives are hanged are normally respected and not felled indiscriminately.

Identification of suitable trees/forest Bees forage on nectar and pollen from flowers of many trees, herbs, shrubs and field plants. However there are specific plant species which are more preferred were bees visit more frequently. The forest or locality with rich biodiversity of the suitable trees/plants is conducive for establishment of a bee apiary. Prominent tree species in this zone include Parinari curatelifolia, Combretum spp, Brachtegia spp, Albizia spp, Acacia spp and cultivated crops such as banana, coffee, and annual crops which include maize, bean and sorghum The source of permanent water should be nearby preferably not more than 3kms because bees use much water in feeding, making honey and to perform cooling in the hives. Demarcation of the apiary forest It is usual for the beekeepers to demarcate the areas so as to inform and alert the community members the existence of the beehives. The demarcation signs may involve partially debarking part of the stem bark of the border trees. The use of colour paints, planting of hedge rows and other boundary marker plants are increasingly becoming popular around many forest apiaries. The common plants for live fence include Euphorbia tirucali, Agaves sisalana and Dovyalis caffra. Types of bee hives Common traditional beehives involve log hives, small poles/withies hives, straw hives, calabashes and clay pots. The use of modern box hives has increased in recent years mainly due to development projects support in modern beekeeping methods. Local hives are cheap but not durable limited to one to three years lifespan and the production is low compared with box hives which may last for ten or more years under good care. Preparations for hanging the beehives i) Bait materials Farmers utilize some materials to attract bee colonies establish in the hives. These include smoking or burning of dry honey combs and rubbing of beeswax inside the hives. Other methods involve sprinkling of either maize flour, cassava flour, raw honey or sugar. The use of many types of herbs and other less known substances(less revealed) to rub and smoke in the beehives before hanging is observed to be more effective in some communities. Some traditional beekeepers have become popular and earn money and respect through providing such services .The swarming periods which normally happen in January/Feb and Mid August/ Sept are suitable for hanging the beehives because it may not take long time to pocess the bee colonies ii) Ropes and tree climbing devices The hives has to be carried to the apiary and be hanged up on a tree branch. This may involve transporting the beehives using any transport means and carry on head load for some distance depending on accessibility and the location of the forest apiary. One or two person has to climb the tree and others remain on the ground to lift the hive. The hive is round bound with strong tree bark ropes before hanging The use of sisal ropes and binding wires have replaced the traditional methods to tie and fix the hives in modern beekeeping apiaries. A tall ladder may be helpful to assist in climbing of tall trees in case of aged individuals. The bee shelter house/huts and hive stands These are normally located in the forest apiary and constructed with local materials especially tree poles, straws and thatched on top roof with dry grass or other leafy vegetation such as banana, coconut and many others plants depending on availability. The hut walls are left open without covering the round walls with earth to facilitate cooling with the fresh air movements. The bee hives are placed on top of each other on the 1.2 m high erected tree poles stands. This practice enables to have many bee hives in one house which are easy to manage and protect provided the surrounding flora has good potential of bee forage plants. Water and sugars may be provided in special containers as extra feeds during bad weather conditions

4.4 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% du coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Slashing, screefing bushes and tall grasses	persons/day	100,0	0,63	63,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Baiting and hanging apiaries	persons/day	100,0	0,63	63,0	100,0
Equipements	Hives and binding wires	pieces	400,0	2,25	900,0	50,0
Equipements	Beekeeping protectives	sets	4,0	93,75	375,0	80,0
Matériel végétal	Cuttings	bundles	200,0	0,3	60,0	100,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					1461,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD)					1461,0

Commentaires:

Duration of establishment phase: 2 month(s)

4.5 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Slashing grasss,bushes and firebreaks	Before dry season
2.	Apiaries repair	Regular
3.	Monitoring of bee pests and diseases	Regular

Commentaires:

Bush fire control This is done before the onset of the dry season by establishment of firebreaks around the apiary and slashing short the tall grass and other unwanted vegetation in the apiary forest. Cleaning, repairng and fixing the beehives The beehives that have become loose ,damaged or fallen due to strong winds, rains and disturbance by intruders or animals and birds requires replacement or renovations. In many cases pests such as ants, termites and rodents attack bees and make them abandon the hive. Such hives require repairs and cleaning inside before another bee colony can establish Honey harvesting. There is usually one major honey flow season starting May/June to Sept/October in most places, but another minor season may occur in February depending on the abundance of flowering in the previous season. Traditional honey harvesting equipments and tools include clay pots and other local containers, a hive knife and a smoking/burning grass appliance like torch to kill or scare away the bees. Modern beekeeping make use of special set of equipments and protective clothes that include an overall, a veil, a hat, a bee smoker, gloves, boots and hive tool. During harvesting the last two to three combs of honey are left in the hive to enable the colony continue to feed and resume manufacture honey for the following season Honey processing, packaging and marketing Raw honey is strained and filtered from the chopped honey combs through a clean linen or cotton cloth. The honey storage devices include plastic buckets, jerry cans and small (0.5 to 1 litre) plastic or glass bottles which sales between 2 to 4 US dollars at roadsides in the local market. Uses of honey The sweet and delicious fluid becomes ready for consumption or sale. There are many other uses which include brewing, medicine, in cosmetics, making candles and shoe shine pastes. Bees wax is obtained after boiling and cooling the filtered honey combs juice. Good quality raw honey should be light brown in colour, free from impurities such as any dirty, bee legs, wings and less pollen. Honey can be stored for many years due to its bactericidal and bacterial static properties. Boiled honey is of less quality, light in density, colour and loses most of its chemical and medicinal properties Philip Ngara Tanzania

4.6 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% du coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Slashing grasss, bushes and firebreaks	persons/day	60,0	1,25	75,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Apiaries repair	persons/day	20,0	0,8	16,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Monitoring of bee pests and diseases	persons/day	20,0	0,8	16,0	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					107,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD)					107,0

Commentaires:

Machinery/ tools: Matchets,Slashers,Hoes,,Ropes,ladder for climbing trees.Binding wires

labour per hectare year 2011
tools per piece/each year 2011

4.7 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

High prices of equpipment an (especially box hives) and labour

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

Slopes on average: The technology is not affected with slope variations

Landforms: The site of the forest apiary is located on hill slopes

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil depth on average: The depth of soil affects the vigour of grass,trees and other vegetation thus amount of biomass available for fire threat during fire season,the labour required for maintanance etc

Soil fertility is medium

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium

Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la qualité et la quantité d'eau:

Ground water table: On hill slopes

Water quality (untreated): The site for good drinking water is located some 400m proximal to the natural spring water source used for domestic supply and the Ruvuvu river is not far approximatle 2.kms. Poor drinking water at valley bottoms and wetlands nearby (4kms) and water for agricultural use only in wetlands, is used seasonally for dry season agriculture

5.5 Biodiversité

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la biodiversité:

Degraded mostly by fire,overcutting of trees for firewood

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: -Very few women were invoved trditionally-due to climbing of trees to hang bee hives and honey harvesting.These are activities usually performed by men
-Women perform slashing of grass, processing of honey and marketing of products

Population density: 100-200 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%; 3%

20% of the land users are average wealthy and own 50% of the land.
80% of the land users are poor and own 50% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: A small number of people practice off farm activities in burnt bricks making and petty trade

Market orientation of production system: Honey for market, very little for consumption

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres utilisées par les exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• communauté/ village
• groupe

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• communautaire (organisé)

Commentaires:

The group was allocated the forest area of approximately 4 ha by village govt to establish the forest apiary.

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

Réduction des risques de catastrophe et des risques climatiques

Autres impacts écologiques

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Augmentation ou diminution	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		augmente	pas bien

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	pas bien

Commentaires:

By planting fire tolerant plant species around boundaries of the forest, beehives will be more secure from fire damage and the forest apiary remain with vegetative soil cover -such species includes agaves sisalana,euphobia tirucali etc

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Commentaires:

After initial high establishment costs,maintanance costs are minimal and the box hives are durable for at least 10 years when made from durable well seasoned timber

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• > 50%

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

32 households in an area of 10 ha

De tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle, ou aucune rémunération? :

• 11-50%

Commentaires:

17 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: The box hives and beekeeping protectives were subsidies from projects/programmes under NGOs and governemnt support

50% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

15 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: Traditional beekeepeing with indigineous knowledge used traditional hives only.Government and some NGO s support improved by availing box hives and modern beekeeping knowledge

Comments on adoption trend: more 4 groups emerging who request for support n the area

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
Increased income and income sources for farmers How can they be sustained / enhanced? Intergrate modern box hives, processing gears and improve markets for bee products.
Decreased bushfire incidences How can they be sustained / enhanced? Strengthern bylaws administration procedures to punish persons causing bushfires, harvest honey in late evening and during the nights.Use beesmokers during harvesting

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Enhanced forest conservation How can they be sustained / enhanced? Improve management/tending activities in the forest and administation of bylaws
Improved vegetation cover How can they be sustained / enhanced? Enrichment planting with suitable bee forage plant species
Incresed income and divesification of income sources How can they be sustained / enhanced? Intergrate modern beekeeping and improved processing of bee products.Construct beehives shelter house in the forest to accomodate more hives
Decrease bush/grassfire incidences How can they be sustained / enhanced? Screefing firebreaks using hand hoes, conduct regular firepatrols during dry season,use proper honey harvesting equipments especially beesmokers. Environmental education and campaigns
Continuous production of honey for consumption,sale and medicine How can they be sustained / enhanced? Reservation of more forests for practicing cormecial beekeeping

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Bee stings for people and livestock	Use of bee protective gears during honey harvesting
Regular conflicts with grazing of livestock in the forest during dry season when grass in other areas are already burned-Damaging of beehives by pastoralists	By laws administration and operational

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
High costs for box hives and bee protective gears	Intergrate modern box hives with durable traditional hives
Require large/extensive aeas/Competing demands especially firewood for energy domestic use/trade and grazing land areas	By laws administration,Planting trees/woodlots have participatory and operational village land use plans
Bee stings for people and livestock	establish forest apiaries away(>400m) from human settlements and public places
Danger of falling from trees during hanging of hives and harvesting	Use ropes,ladder and tree climbing devises,

7.3 Liens vers les informations pertinentes en ligne

Titre/ description:

Kagera TAMP Project website

URL:

http://www.fao.org/nr/kagera/en/