1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Land Development Department (Land Development Department) - Thaïlande

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.4 Déclaration sur la durabilité de la Technologie décrite

Est-ce que la Technologie décrite ici pose problème par rapport à la dégradation des terres, de telle sorte qu'elle ne peut pas être déclarée comme étant une technologie de gestion durable des terres?

Non

Commentaires:

This continuous bench terrace with 3 meters base in slopping highland constructed at Plot 2000 for Chinese tea plantation. Such conservation measure can decrease soil erosion and runoff, and this slopping area can use for agriculture and increase land users products and income.

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Utilization of continuous bench terrace (3 meters based) as sustainable soil and water conservation measure for tea plantation in slopping area of the northern Thailand

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

The continuous bench terrace (forward-sloping terrace) as soil and water conservation measure in the high landscape at Angkhang Royal Agricultural Station, Moo 5, Mae Ngon subdistrict, Fang district, Chiang Mai province was constructed in 1999 in the area of former winter fruit plantation plot of the station. Land Development Department had surveyed, designed and constructed the 3 meters wide of continuous bench terrace, which it is suitable for the tea cultivation and total area is approximately 100 rai. The Angkhang Royal Agricultural Station had selected 50 households of Palaung hill tribe who have more ability and aptitude to grow Chinese tea to participate in the Chinese tea development and promotion project in 2000 and named this area as "Plot 2000". The overview of this area is complex mountainous terrain with slope range 16-30 percent, and average attitude is 1,400 meters above sea level. The soil texture is silty loam and very deep (more tan 1.2 meter), almost well drained soil. The soil organic matter is moderate around 1-3 percent. Moreover, the data of Doi Ang Khang Meteorological Station (Station Code 48302) is located at average attitude 1,529 meters above the sea level, and average temperature throughout the year is 22.9 Celsius with the highest temperature is 32.1 Celsius (during May) and the lowest temperature is 3.9 Celsius (during December), and average annual rainfall is 1,925.3 mm, with rain starting from April to October.
In the past, the watershed areas in northern Thailand have been disturbed by natural disasters, climate change, and human threats. The hill tribe people had invaded the forest to grow opium and shifting cultivation continuously. These condition caused the serious problem in soil erosion, runoff with soil surface, lose of topsoil and plant nutrients, decreasing in soil fertility and productivity with the extremely damage to upstream forest ecosystem. Until in the year 1969, Angkhang Royal Agricultural Station was established from the initiative of His Majesty King Rama 9, which aimed to conduct research on the planting of winter economic crops as an example for hill tribe to plant those crops as their career instead of opium cultivation, and also stop cutting and shifting cultivation. Nowadays there are more than 50 species of economic plants in this project and generating more income for land users, more than that this slopping area is the sustainable in land use and land management under organization of the Royal Project Foundation.
The benefits this technology is important in sustainable utilization of land resources in this area, and all land users around the Angkhang Royal Agricultural Station have stable and more income because they can grow Chinese tea and also other winter economic crops on this highland throughout the year. Moreover, this continuous bench terrace is more convenient for land users in fertilizer application, soil improvement, machines operation, tea harvesting and also yield transportation from cultivated plots to local processing factory.
The impact of implementation continuous bench terrace with 3 meters based:
1. The obvious economic and social impacts of land users are the stability of income from the production of Chinese tea, which are produced throughout the year. This conservation is more convenient for land users to implement in their plot and also transport from cultivated plots to local processing factory. The local officers from Angkhang Royal Agricultural Station and others government agencies closely advised and guided breeding, planting, soil management, harvesting and price guarantee.
2. The environmental and ecological impact is to reduce the amount of runoff and soil sediment, increase soil moisture, preserve soil nutrients and fertility, encourage biodiversity in the area of Plot 2000.
3. The society and culture impact is all ethnic groups are given the opportunity to receive the allocation of arable land according to the group of plants that they are comfortable and want to produce. Thus respecting the use of land in zoning as allocated from the station, including right to use water. These caused the strength of community institutions, where they have various crop production groups, organic fertilizer production Group and others. They are all member of the cooperative of the community.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.4 Vidéos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Indiquez l'année de mise en œuvre:

1999

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a entre 10-50 ans

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

The Royal Project implement in the upstream forest area and emphasize to promote and encourage career of hilltribe land users around AngKhang Agricultural Station. Moreover, the continuous bench terrace is introduced in this high slope area to prevent and conserve soil and water resources, reduce soil erosion and runoff.

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• améliorer la production
• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées
• préserver l'écosystème
• conserver/ améliorer la biodiversité
• créer un impact économique positif

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Palaung hill tribe will plant Chinese tea on this area in late rainy season, about August to October because after planting root of tea would grow well in the cool condition and do not face problems like during the rainy season. The trimming will be about 10-12 months before planting. spacing between row is 1.2 meter and between tree is 60 centimeters. There are about 2,200 trees per Rai.

3.3 Est-ce que l’utilisation des terres a changé en raison de la mise en œuvre de la Technologie ?

Commentaires:

-

3.4 Approvisionnement en eau

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• mixte: pluvial-irrigué

Commentaires:

The land use in this area is Chinese tea in Plot 2000, with 2 species, namely soft stalks and variety no.12, This area is mainly rain fed together with spraying system. And water supply system is in the upper part of the area and distribute to tea plot by PVC pipe and set springier cover over this plot. however, this water system is high cost but it is worthwhile.

3.5 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• mesures en travers de la pente
• réduction des risques de catastrophe fondée sur les écosystèmes

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

The continuous bench terrace technology is suitable soil and water conservation in slopping area,where is the upper part of watershed in the National Reserved Forest area. This technology need knowledge and expertise in construction of conservation measure with high investment and more maintenance. That means government and private sector should support in construction and land users should maintain of bench terrace and take care in soil fertility.

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Soil resources in this area is degraded by deforestation and climate changes, where it is risk in runoff and soil erosion. In this case plant nutrients in soil surface and sediment is removed to the low part, soil fertility is decreased, and ecosystem in upstream forest is degraded.

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• prévenir la dégradation des terres
• réduire la dégradation des terres

Commentaires:

In 1999, the Angkhang Royal Agricultural Station cooperated with Land Development Department construct the continuous bench terrace and soil improvement in this steep slope area to prevent soil erosion and runoff. Moreover, the Royal Irrigation Department support water supply system and the Provincial Electricity Authority support electricity services.

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Spécifiez la manière dont les coûts et les intrants ont été calculés:

• par superficie de la Technologie

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

Baht

Indiquez le taux de change des USD en devise locale, le cas échéant (p.ex. 1 USD = 79.9 réal brésilien): 1 USD = :

15448,6

4.3 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Calendrier des activités (saisonnier)
1.	Survey, select the area and design conservation measure	the first year (1998)
2.	set up contour line for terrace	the first year (1998)
3.	construct bench terrace	before of rainy season 1999
4.	Vetiver grass plantation on the terrace	early of rainy season 1999
5.	Chinese tea plantation	in rainy season, Aug-Oct 2000
6.	Fertilizer application 3 times	Feb, Jun and Oct
7.	Water application	throughout the planting period
8.	Fertilizer application	throughout the planting period
9.	Harvest	harvesting period
10.	Maintenance bench terrace	in dry season, April

Commentaires:

-

4.4 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% du coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	site survey 1 day	man	0,5	175,82	87,91
Main d'œuvre	set up contour line 1 day	man	4,0	175,82	703,28
Main d'œuvre	vetiver planting (400 slips x 8 rows)	slip	3200,0	1,65	5280,0
Main d'œuvre	man power (2.4 cu.m./m.)	cu.m.	88,0	100,88	8877,44
Equipements	machine power (2.4 cu.m./m.)	cu.m.
Equipements	pin wood	unit	100,0	5,0	500,0
Matériel végétal	vetiver slip (LDD supported)	None	3200,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					15448,63
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD)					1,0

Si le coût n'est pas pris en charge à 100% par l'exploitant des terres, indiquez qui a financé le coût restant:

Land Development Department by Center of land development for Royal Project supported the budget by conduct the bench terrace in this area.

Commentaires:

-

4.5 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	maintain and repair bench terrace	in dry season 3-5 years/time

Commentaires:

In the case of bench terrace are not so much damaged, and size of rill is around 5-20 cm. wide and not very deep. Most of the land users usually repair that terrace by themselves during the dry season.

4.6 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% du coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	man power to repair the terrace	man	1,0	500,0	500,0	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					500,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD)					0,03

Si le coût n'est pas pris en charge à 100% par l'exploitant des terres, indiquez qui a financé le coût restant:

All maintenance cost of bench terrace are supported by Center of Land Development for Royal Project, Land Development Department.

Commentaires:

Center of Land Development for Royal Project, Land Development Department directly cooperated with the Royal Project.

4.7 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

construction of continuous bench terrace and maintenance cost, which it is all invested by government sector, Land Development Department.

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Indiquez si la Technologie est spécifiquement appliquée dans des:

• non pertinent

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

This technology is used in slope 20-35% , slope complex and slope more than 35%.

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Angkhang Royal Agricultural Station is directly respond covered 16,577 rai, with 5 main villages, namely Ban Nala, Ban Rim, Ban Pang Ma, Ban Khum, and Ban Luang. Total population is 3,929 people. The overall landscape is slope complex in mountain range surrounded by a pan-shaped basin. This agricultural area is promoted the hill tribe community to grow winter crops. The general condition of this area is pine forest and evergreen forest. The attitude is 1,400 meters above the sea level. Most of soil series are Ban Luang Series. Soil loamy soil. Angkhang Series is a soil formed by limestone, rock, shell, shale. The overall soil condition is good structure, but almost highland with high slope and acidic condition (pH 4.5-6.0).

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

La salinité de l'eau est-elle un problème? :

Non

La zone est-elle inondée?

Non

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la qualité et la quantité d'eau:

In the past, there was no soil and water conservation measure, where soil erosion and severe runoff is occurred when it has heavy rain, especially during the rainy season. Soil surface was transported to the lower part, where organic matter and plant nutrients lost from this area and small rill and deep groove is formed in the upper part. Moreover such soil sediment in runoff accumulated in the channel and natural reservoir.

5.5 Biodiversité

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la biodiversité:

In Plot 2000 can observe several insects in both of predators and parasitic insects such as dragonflies, beetles, turtles, striped mungs, ants, also earthworm and others.

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

All land users and their family members worked in their land such as tea leaves harvest, weed control, fertilizer application, tea planting, trimming and others, which they would not prefer to hire workers.

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres utilisées par les exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• individu, sans titre de propriété

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• communautaire (organisé)

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• communautaire (organisé)

Précisez:

-

Commentaires:

All land users in this area would not right in land ownership but they have right to use these land for agricultural purposes. And Angkhang Royal Agricultural Station separated and allocated these land for selected land users and also land zoning for fruit trees, Vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants and others.

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

Commentaires:

They have cooperative activity to support investment and production costs such as fertilizers, bio-pesticides, pesticides and others.

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

Réduction des risques de catastrophe et des risques climatiques

Précisez l'évaluation des impacts sur site (sous forme de mesures):

almost land users have been continuously advised in tea plantation and organic farming by local officers of the Station.

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

Précisez l'évaluation des impacts extérieurs (sous forme de mesures):

-

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes météorologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
pluie torrentielle locale	très bien

Catastrophes hydrologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
glissement de terrain	bien

Commentaires:

-

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Commentaires:

Land users no need to pay any expenses. So the construction of bench terrace as 3 m. basement is set up by the Royal Project for Land Development Center.

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• 11-50%

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

In Plot 2000 , They have 39 members who cultivated tea and medicinal plants in this bench terrace.

De tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle, ou aucune rémunération? :

• 0-10%

Commentaires:

This bench terrace need more investment and management, and need more incentives.

6.6 Adaptation

La Technologie a-t-elle été récemment modifiée pour s'adapter à l'évolution des conditions?

Non

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
The continuous bench terrace is high effective measure to slow down runoff, reduce sediment and soil erosion.
This system would reduce amount of fertilizer application, which organic matter and plant nutrients still stay in the slopping area.
All land users can produce more agricultural products and more income.

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
The continuous bench terrace is high effective measure to slow down runoff, reduce sediment and soil erosion.
This bench terrace increase amount of storage water into soil, and also increase soil moisture content. And the excess of rain would gradually control and drain to water way.
This technology would reduce amount of fertilizer application due to prevent of plant nutrients lost from this area.
All land users can improve their life status in increasing agricultural products and income.

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
The continuous bench terrace is very high cost	Government and local officers support this activities.
This system need expert in design and implement.	Local government officers (LDD) support and service this activities.
The structure of bench terrace is damaged.	Local government officers (LDD) support and service this activities.

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
The continuous bench terrace is very high cost and need machine to construct is terrace.	Government and local officers support this activities.
This system need expert in design and implement.	Local government officers (LDD) support and service this activities.
The structure of bench terrace is damaged by heavy rain, runoff and other events.	Local government officers (LDD) support and service this activities.

7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information

7.2 Références des publications disponibles

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

-

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

-

7.3 Liens vers les informations pertinentes en ligne

Titre/ description:

Continuous bench terrace for soil and water conservation in watershed area (at slope 35-60%)

URL:

http://www.dnp.go.th/watershed/ส่วนอำนวยการ/จัดทำระบบอนุรักษ์ดินและน้ำ โครงการทำขั้นบันไดดิน.pdf

7.4 Observations d'ordre général

-