1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Book project: where people and their land are safer - A Compendium of Good Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) (where people and their land are safer)

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

World Vision (World Vision) - Suisse

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.4 Déclaration sur la durabilité de la Technologie décrite

Est-ce que la Technologie décrite ici pose problème par rapport à la dégradation des terres, de telle sorte qu'elle ne peut pas être déclarée comme étant une technologie de gestion durable des terres?

Non

Commentaires:

It is a very sustainable technology as it promotes the natural regeneration of highly degraded areas.

1.5 Référence au(x) Questionnaires sur les Approches de GDT (documentées au moyen de WOCAT)

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) is a proven SLM Technology to restore degraded wasteland and improve depleted farmland. The farmer regu- lates and facilitates the re-growth of existing trees stumps, or self-sown seeds in the soil, and thus promotes soil fertility and through better ground cover, increases protection from runoff and erosion.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

Conventional afforestation and tree planting requires considerable inputs, labour and care including suitable seedlings, transport of these, planting and regular watering - and the survival rate in arid and semi-arid climates is often very poor. On the other hand Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) is a cheap and effective way to restore and improve large areas of degraded and depleted soils. The technology relies on the fact that even in deforested areas, soils often still maintain some active roots systems and viable seeds of native woody plants. Selectively promoted, leaving only a few main shoots, they can grow into trees within a few years. This technology - based on indigen- ous practices - has been successfully promoted by World Vision in eight African countries including Kenya and Ethiopia, and is now also being applied in Indonesia, East Timor and Latin America. Apart from labour and a farmer’s knife, and skills, there are no major inputs required. The farmers like this agroforestry technology a it is cheap and can be easily combined with other SLM technolo- gies such as permaculture, inter-cropping, and mulching. At the same time it can be used at various scales: on small plots of less than one hectare or up to the landscape level where whole hills can be re-vegetated within a short period. And the impact can be very positive on the soil, ecology, cli- mate and health of crops, people and livestock. The farmer can use prunings as rewood, and grow fodder below the trees; tree branches and leaves can serve for mulching and the owers for bees, fruits for consumption and sale. The trees break the winds, protect the soil and (with some species) their shade protects sensitive crops (e.g. vegetables or even coffee) from the sun. The soil’s water retention capacity, structure, biology and fertility improve. All effects contribute to soil, water and climate stabilization. One limitation can be the use of tractors and other machines which, however, are hardly employed by smallholder farmers. Some practical steps for establishing an FNMR site; 1) jointly agree on a target area (be it a eld or communal wasteland) 2) check out the area carefully for existence of woody species (trees, bushes, rootstocks) 3) mark the bushes or trees that should be nurtured into bigger trees (it is recommended to consult local/scientific knowledge on the trees species and their positive benefits) 4) protect the whole area (fences, hedges) or only the chosen trees against grazing and human disturbance 5) when the plants reach a height of 1 m start with pruning, only keeping the 2-3 main shoots, using the prunings for rewood or mulching 6) watering is in most cases not required as the indigenous trees have well-enough developed roots for self- supply 7) the specific cultivation and management practice depends on the trees species selected and the desired results (intercropping with maize, shade trees for coffee, fodder trees for livestock, flower trees for bees etc.) 8) fire and livestock are the are the main threats for a new FMNR site.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.4 Vidéos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Indiquez l'année de mise en œuvre:

2014

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a moins de 10 ans (récemment)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

The technology was introduced by World Vision through a public funded project on climate protection and natural resource management. It received the “Total Kenya Eco Challenge Award” in 2016. The introduction was done through the following steps. The project staff were trained on the concept after which they trained Government staff in forestry, education and agriculture department including chiefs and assistant chief who were to turn out to be the entry point/ ambassadors for the concept. Intense trainings, awareness campaigns, practical demonstrations, consultative meetings and observations were conducted. Till now more than 300 hectares of degraded land was reclaimed through FMNR and over 1000 farmers adopted the practice already.

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• améliorer la production
• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées
• préserver l'écosystème
• protéger un bassin versant/ des zones situées en aval - en combinaison avec d'autres technologies
• conserver/ améliorer la biodiversité
• réduire les risques de catastrophes
• s'adapter au changement et aux extrêmes climatiques et à leurs impacts
• atténuer le changement climatique et ses impacts
• créer un impact économique positif

• this technology brings a lot of positive effects on the environment (more water, more carbon and nutrients in the soil, better micro climate etc.) > bullet point 4: other technologies could be contour farming, agroforestry, water harvesting)

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Les divers types d'utilisation des terres au sein du même unité de terrain: :

Oui

Précisez l'utilisation mixte des terres (cultures/ pâturages/ arbres):

• Agroforesterie

Commentaires:

Main products/ services: The native trees provide shade, organic matter, fruits, fodder, firewood, bee pasture etc.
Typical crops in Kenya grown below the FMNR trees are maize, millet, mung beans, amaranth and sorghum, vegetables and coffee. It can be an advantage to promote the growth of Leguminous trees as they serve as source of nitrogen and many of them produce pods eaten by livestock.

Livestock density: Livestock is one of the main threats to the technology. It is a very important to keep livestock out of the FMNR areas either by using live fences or mesh wire fences.

3.4 Approvisionnement en eau

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• pluvial

Commentaires:

Since only indigenous species are promoted the normal rainfall should be sufficient for their growth.

3.5 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• gestion des forêts naturelles et semi-naturelles
• agroforesterie
• Amélioration de la couverture végétale/ du sol

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

There is also an aspect of management change (M2): allowing the native trees to grow, pruning of upcoming bushes, mulching with tree branches, felling of trees when desired etc.

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

FMNR contributes to less soil erosion, more organic matter and more diversified habitats (leading to increased agro-biodiversity).

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• réduire la dégradation des terres
• restaurer/ réhabiliter des terres sévèrement dégradées

Commentaires:

FMNR contributes to less land degradation and is an ideal technology to restore severely degraded areas.

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Spécifiez la manière dont les coûts et les intrants ont été calculés:

• par superficie de la Technologie

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

KES

Indiquez le taux de change des USD en devise locale, le cas échéant (p.ex. 1 USD = 79.9 réal brésilien): 1 USD = :

100,0

4.3 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Calendrier des activités (saisonnier)
1.	Plot inspection (to identify and mark potential bushes)	ideally after harvesting the crops, best time for transects
2.	Plot protection (fencing against livestock)	ideally after harvesting, best time for transects, before planting
3.	alternatively: Protection measures of single bushes	ideally after harvesting, best time for transects, before planting
4.	Weeding/ clearance of surplus bushes/ vegetation	all year, during vegetation period
5.	normal farming activities within the FMNR site	after harvesting the crops
6.	Integrating beekeeping and or fodder harvesting	all year, during vegetative period
7.	Thinning or harvesting of fuel wood	As per need, dependant on the farmer, all year round

Commentaires:

Ideally, FMNR activities are not interfering too much with the normal farming activities except for mulching or compost making wherefore small tree branches can be used.

4.4 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% du coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	plot protection - fencing/ ha	person-days	30,0	400,0	12000,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	tree protection - first pruning/ ha	person-days	10,0	400,0	4000,0	100,0
Equipements	farmer's knife	piece	2,0	150,0	300,0	100,0
Equipements	machete	piece	2,0	500,0	1000,0	100,0
Equipements	rake	piece	2,0	500,0	1000,0	100,0
Equipements	hand hoe	piece	2,0	450,0	900,0	100,0
Equipements	leather gloves	pair	2,0	1000,0	2000,0	100,0
Equipements	strong gumboots	pair	2,0	2000,0	4000,0	100,0
Equipements	axe	piece	2,0	700,0	1400,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	life fence seeds/ thorns of shrubs / ha	seedlings	1200,0	5,0	6000,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	n/a
Matériaux de construction	n/a
Autre	n/a
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					32600,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD)					326,0

Si vous n'êtes pas en mesure de décomposer les coûts dans le tableau précédent, donnez une estimation du coût total de la mise en place de la Technologie:

32600,0

Si le coût n'est pas pris en charge à 100% par l'exploitant des terres, indiquez qui a financé le coût restant:

The farmer harvest wood and non-wood products like honey and grass. Often FMNR is combined with agriculture or animal husbandry. As the crop yield increases the farmer can invest in more equipment and tools.

Commentaires:

Some of the costs incurred were covered by WV during inception of the project model of FMNR especially for the demonstration plots but the costs on household level are covered by the farmers themselves. Normal farm equipment is being used to establish the sites. The farmer needs some gloves und gumboots and the time for the additional works. Also some time is needed to be invested for training to get equipped with the required knowledge and skills. Live fence plants or throns from shrubs are normally collected/ taken from the pruned Acacia branches.

4.5 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Pruning of target bushes and trees	during vegetation period, ideally in the dry season
2.	tree felling	after vegetation period, after harvesting the crops
3.	Harvesting of grass in FMNR sites not on crops	During and after rainny season

Commentaires:

Ideally, FMNR activities are not interfering too much with the normal farming activities except for mulching or compost making wherefore small tree branches can be used for firewood. In places where FMNR is applied to gain timber, branches and firewood in a sustainable way, it has supported to raise more income for households allowing them to meet their basic needs including school fees, medical bills etc.

4.6 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% du coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Yearly Pruning of target bushes and trees /ha	person-days	6,0	400,0	2400,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	tree felling of selected trees/ ha	person-days	4,0	400,0	1600,0	100,0
Equipements	farmer's knife	piece	2,0	150,0	300,0	100,0
Equipements	machete	piece	2,0	500,0	1000,0	100,0
Equipements	rake	piece	2,0	500,0	1000,0	100,0
Equipements	hand hoe	piece	2,0	450,0	900,0	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					7200,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD)					72,0

Si vous n'êtes pas en mesure de décomposer les coûts dans le tableau précédent, donnez une estimation du coût total de l'entretien de la Technologie:

14600,0

Si le coût n'est pas pris en charge à 100% par l'exploitant des terres, indiquez qui a financé le coût restant:

The farmer harvest wood and non-wood products like honey and grass. Often FMNR is combined with agriculture or animal husbandry. As the crop yield increases the farmer can invest in more equipment and tools.

Commentaires:

Some of the costs incurred were covered by WV during inception of the project model of FMNR especially for the demonstration plots but the costs on household level are covered by the farmers themselves. Normal farm equipment is being used to establish the sites. The farmer needs some gloves und gumboots and the time for the additional works. Also some time is needed to be invested for training to get equipped with the required knowledge and skills. Live fence plants or throns from shrubs are normally collected/ taken from the pruned Acacia branches.

4.7 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

Size of the FMNR site and the density and age of trees. Important precondition is fencing off the sites/ protection of trees against livestock. Most of the equipment needed is part of the normal agricultural tool set.

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Indiquez si la Technologie est spécifiquement appliquée dans des:

• non pertinent

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

The data above was provided by Divisional Agriculture officer in Lambwe.

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

La salinité de l'eau est-elle un problème? :

Oui

Précisez:

High amounts of sodium ions makes the water often saline.

La zone est-elle inondée?

Oui

Régularité:

fréquemment

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la qualité et la quantité d'eau:

The water quality of surface water is poor and sometimes only suitable for livestock. Though due to few safe water sources, the households often have to use the surface run off for domestic use.

5.5 Biodiversité

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la biodiversité:

The biodiversity is still higher than expected in comparison to the degree of degradation of the landscape. This might relate to the proximity of the Lake Victoria with its rich fish- and avifauna and Ruma National Park.

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

All the above groups participate in the roll-out of the technology. It is relatively new and many are excited about the benefits. Elderly and children (youth and child headed households) need more time do the same work and adopt the technology less enthusiastically. Though Elderly are often key drivers of the technology as they best understand the degree of deforestation and water insecurity and the interlinkages.

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres utilisées par les exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• communauté/ village
• individu, avec titre de propriété

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• communautaire (organisé)
• individuel

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• communautaire (organisé)
• individuel

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

Réduction des risques de catastrophe et des risques climatiques

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

Précisez l'évaluation des impacts extérieurs (sous forme de mesures):

Detailed research has not been carried out on the impact of the technology to provide scientific evidence. However, soil testing is being done and a study on the biodiversity is being conducted.

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Augmentation ou diminution	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
autre changement climatique progressif	micro climate (moisture, less wind & erosion, reduced temperature)	augmente	très bien

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	bien
feu de forêt	pas bien
feu de végétation	pas bien

Catastrophes hydrologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
crue éclair	modérément

Catastrophes biologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
infestation par des insectes/ vers	bien

Commentaires:

A baseline survey captures also aspects of environmental degradation.

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Commentaires:

FMNR is a low cost technology and brings a good return on investment. Slightly more land is required and mechanisation can become more difficult. Farmers are very optimistic of the long- term results of FMNR since the need for wood is high. Locals have started looking at having trees on farm as an equal investment opportunity compared to crops.

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• > 50%

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

Over 1000 households reached through training and confirmed practising.

De tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle, ou aucune rémunération? :

• 91-100%

Commentaires:

Most of the adopters start the practice after getting basic training and some of them just through observation of model sites.

6.6 Adaptation

La Technologie a-t-elle été récemment modifiée pour s'adapter à l'évolution des conditions?

Non

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
FMNR is appropriate for both male and female of productive ages though at the introduction depending on nature and size of the farm, men are more advantaged due to labour intensive. However for land with no trees just starting up, it can be easily managed by both sexes. It is also a form of exercise for the aging people thus improving on healthy lifestyle.

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
FMNR can be done by anyone/everyone in a household as long as the drive and understanding of the concept is embraced. This includes people with special needs. It is cheap, efficient and refreshing plus satisfying since results are evident in short while. Tree planting survival rate has been low in the recent times following unreliable rainfall, external threats e.g livestock, pests and diseases thus FMNR is the solution to restoring the degraded ecosystems. Women may find the actual management difficult at some stage but since the concept brings income, even external labor is sourced. So the women don't fear getting on with the technology.
FMNR is a low cost technology and brings a good return on investment. Farmers are very optimistic of the long- term results of FMNR since the need for wood is high. Locals have started looking at having trees on farm as an equal investment opportunity compared to crops.

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Safety of the farmers during management (thick thorny bushes) and habitat it creates for wild life that could be threats to man e.g snakes, monkeys eat all their crops as birds feed on the seeds too.	Monkeys can be kept out by thorney hedges, birds by mirrors and cats.
Slightly more land is required and mechanisation can become more difficult.	Mechanisation can be done if new trees build kind of hedges.

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Women may find the actual management difficult at some stage and quite labour intensive.	Since the technology brings income even external labor can be sourced.

7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information

7.2 Références des publications disponibles

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration Enhances Rural Livelihoods in Dryland West Africa, Weston, Peter, Reaksmey Hong, Carolyn Kaboré & Christian A. Kull, Environmental Management Volume 55, Issue 6, pp 1402–1417,2015, ISBN 0364-152X00267-015-0469-1

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

Springer, USD 35

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Re-greening the Sahel: farmer-led innovation in Burkina Faso and Niger, Reij, C.; Tappan, G.; Smale, M., in Millions fed : proven successes in agricultural development, 2009, ISBN 9780896296619

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

International Food Policy Research Institute, USD ?

7.3 Liens vers les informations pertinentes en ligne

Titre/ description:

Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration Hub

URL:

http://fmnrhub.com.au/

Titre/ description:

Scaling up Regreening: Six steps to success, A practical approach to forest and Landscape Restoration, World Resources Institute, 2015, ISBN 978-1-56973-861-0

URL:

https://www.wri.org/sites/default/files/scaling-regreening-six-steps-success.pdf

Titre/ description:

In Kenya, Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration is a remedy to Climate Change

URL:

http://www.landscapes.org/kenya-farmer-managed-natural-regeneration-remedy-climate-change/

Titre/ description:

Australian High Commissioner Visits Environmental Restoration Project in Baringo County

URL:

http://kenya.embassy.gov.au/nair/fmnr.html

Titre/ description:

ICRAF and World Vision facilitate Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration training in Uganda

URL:

http://www.worldagroforestry.org/news/icraf-and-world-vision-wv-facilitate-farmer-managed-natural-regeneration-fmnr-training-uganda

Titre/ description:

Renew The Land - FMNR in Timor-Leste

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ub2K8QGy8k0

Titre/ description:

FMNR at the International Permaculture Conference (Sept 2011) in Amman, Jordan

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dm_qlyvdZ_A

Titre/ description:

Proven successes in agricultural development: Increasing the Number of On-Farm Trees in Niger

URL:

http://www.ifpri.org/publication/millions-fed

Titre/ description:

Afrikas Waldmacher (ZDF heute-journal vom 2.9.2016) German video

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tgdcbxE-OQo

Titre/ description:

FMNR regreening projects in East Africa

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ElfgcWCmops