1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Rehabilitation of Degraded Agricultural Lands in Kandy, Badulla and Nuwara Eliya Districts in the Central Highlands of Sri Lanka

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka (AGRI.PDN) - Sri Lanka

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.4 Déclaration sur la durabilité de la Technologie décrite

Est-ce que la Technologie décrite ici pose problème par rapport à la dégradation des terres, de telle sorte qu'elle ne peut pas être déclarée comme étant une technologie de gestion durable des terres?

Non

Commentaires:

Crop-livestock integration improves nutrient circularity, and soil productivity technology improves nutrient recycling and soil productivity in the land and SLM practices are reducing land degradation

1.5 Référence au(x) Questionnaires sur les Approches de GDT (documentées au moyen de WOCAT)

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Crop-livestock integration improves nutrient circularity and soil productivity: solid and liquid organic fertilizers prepared from cow manure are incorporated to soil or sprayed on leaves of vegetables and tea.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

Dairy cattle farming is common in the Dolluwa area of the central province of Sri Lanka. Farmers typically have 3-4 cows on about 2-3 hectares for both milk consumption and sales. The landowner interviewed did not formerly adhere to best practices: cows were grazed in woodlands, and water and supplementary feed were not provided as needed. Housing was inadequate. Farm waste wasn’t properly recycled. The farm is located on steep land without adequate soil conservation for annual crops and tea. There was heavy dependence on chemical fertilizer. As a consequence, milk production was below average and crop yields had declined. Besides, there was reservoir pollution due to effluent washed downslope.
New technology was developed to increase milk and crop production by integrating animal–crop management strategies while enhancing nutrient circularity within the farm, and improving soil productivity and environmental quality.
The landowner was first enrolled in the Rehabilitation of Degraded Agricultural Land Project (RDALP) of the UN’s FAO in 2018. The first priority was soil conservation for the steep areas under tea. SLM practices thus combined contour cropping and bunding. Following this, an integrated crop-livestock system was initiated. The RDALP and Fonterra Pvt. Ltd. helped the landowner to build a modern cowshed with infrastructure to provide feed and water. Thereafter, cows were stall-fed: grazing was completely stopped. Cow manure is collected and stored in heaps for 2-3 weeks before incorporating into soils. In the same shed, compost is prepared by mixing manure with crop residues and kitchen/ homegarden waste. Cattle urine and wastewater is directed to a cement tank where it is mixed with specific types of leaves; it is fermented and applied as liquid fertilizer and biopesticide. Manure is used mainly for fast-growing vegetables, while compost is applied to annuals, particularly at planting, and to tea once every three months. Liquid fertilizer is applied to tea seven days before harvesting.
This package requires adequate land for a cattle shed, and for a recycling system to prepare compost and liquid fertilizers. In addition, there must be enough labour for the whole process. The key inputs include materials for the shed, associated infrastructure, and a sprayer to apply liquid fertilizers.
The major benefit is recycling waste to generate useful products – while ensuring circularity of nutrients between crop and animal production systems: thus supporting a “bioeconomy”. Soil conservation practices and the nutrient sources described have improved soil fertility and productivity for overall sustainability. Milk yields have more than doubled, and the tea harvest more than trebled.

(1) Where is the Technology applied?
On steep terrain: tea is cultivated lower down and there are reservoirs in the valley.
(2) What are the purposes/ functions?
•Provide food security
•Increase efficiency of livestock production
•Promote overall nutrient cycling
•Partially substitute chemical fertilizers and pesticides with organic manure
•Generate high-quality organic manure and compost to improve soil fertility
•Control contamination of river water
(3) What are the benefits/ impacts of the Technology?
•Reduced susceptibility of crops to pests/ diseases
•Improved quality of food and water
•Slowed land degradation and restored soil fertility
•Reduced risks
•Economically feasible and rapid impact
(4) What do land users like/
•Reduced risk
•Increased income
•Reduction in cost of production
(5) ...dislike
•Damage to crops by wild animals.
•Higher cost for dairy farming (feed)

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Indiquez l'année de mise en œuvre:

2019

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a moins de 10 ans (récemment)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

Rehabilitation of Degraded Agricultural Land Project (RDALP) of the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations in 2018

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• améliorer la production
• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées
• protéger un bassin versant/ des zones situées en aval - en combinaison avec d'autres technologies
• réduire les risques de catastrophes
• créer un impact économique positif

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Les divers types d'utilisation des terres au sein du même unité de terrain: :

Oui

Précisez l'utilisation mixte des terres (cultures/ pâturages/ arbres):

• Agropastoralisme (y compris les systèmes culture-élevage intégrés)

3.3 Est-ce que l’utilisation des terres a changé en raison de la mise en œuvre de la Technologie ?

Est-ce que l’utilisation des terres a changé en raison de la mise en œuvre de la Technologie ?

• Oui (Veuillez remplir les questions ci-après au regard de l’utilisation des terres avant la mise en œuvre de la Technologie)

Les divers types d'utilisation des terres au sein du même unité de terrain: :

Oui

Précisez l'utilisation mixte des terres (cultures/ pâturages/ arbres):

• Agropastoralisme (y compris les systèmes culture-élevage intégrés)

3.4 Approvisionnement en eau

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• mixte: pluvial-irrigué

Commentaires:

Mainly water requirements are fulfilled by natural water sources in the land

3.5 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• gestion intégrée cultures-élevage
• gestion intégrée de la fertilité des sols
• gestion des déchets/ gestion des eaux usées

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

The land is very prone to soil erosion. Therefore several SLM measures were introduced to prevent soil erosion and improve the productivity of the land.

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Zero grazing reduced soil erosion by animal trampling

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• prévenir la dégradation des terres
• réduire la dégradation des terres

Commentaires:

Application of decomposed organic manure increased tea and vegetable production, proper disposal of farm waste prevents water pollution in reservoirs, prevention of application of chemical fertilizer reduces soil deterioration and water pollution

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Spécifiez la manière dont les coûts et les intrants ont été calculés:

• par superficie de la Technologie

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

Sri Lankan Rupees

Indiquez le taux de change des USD en devise locale, le cas échéant (p.ex. 1 USD = 79.9 réal brésilien): 1 USD = :

330,13

4.3 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Calendrier des activités (saisonnier)
1.	Establishment of soil conservation measures	Before rainy season
2.	Establishment of cattle shed	After establishment of soil conservation measures
3.	Establishment of compost shed	Before rainy season
4.	Establishment farm waste disposal system	After establishment of compost shed
5.	Planting crops	With the onset of rain
6.	Application of compost	At and after planting crops
7.	Foliar application of liquid fertilizers	After planting crops

4.4 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Establishment of cattle shed	person days	7,0	4400,0	30800,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Establishment of compost shed	person days	6,0	2000,0	12000,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Establishment of disposal system	person days	2,0	1200,0	2400,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Prepearation of Stone bunds	person days	5,0	1000,0	5000,0	15,0
Equipements	Establishment of 'SALT' method (combined SLM measures on slopes)	person days	5,0	1000,0	5000,0	15,0
Matériel végétal	Vegetable seeds	gram	10,0	100,0	1000,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Gliricidia stalks	1 stalk	1000,0	3,0	3000,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	Compost	1 bag	25,0	125,0	3125,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	Cattle manure	1 bag	25,0	125,0	3125,0	100,0
Matériaux de construction	Establishment of cattle shed (roofing sheets, bricks, cement, sand..)	unit	1,0	118645,0	118645,0	16,0
Matériaux de construction	Establishment of compost preparation unit (roofing sheets, bricks, cement, sand..)	unit	1,0	34560,0	34560,0	15,0
Matériaux de construction	Establishment of liquid waste disposal system (roofing sheets, cement, sand..)	unit	1,0	16500,0	16500,0	40,0
Matériaux de construction	Large bins to collect liquid waste		2,0	4500,0	9000,0	100,0
Autre	cable		18,0	890,0	16020,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					260175,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD)					788,1

Si le coût n'est pas pris en charge à 100% par l'exploitant des terres, indiquez qui a financé le coût restant:

Rehabilitation of degraded agriculture land project (RDALP) and local funds

Commentaires:

The initial cost for establishing cattle shed with a filtering system and compost shed was higher. But the majority of the initial cost was covered by RDALP and local funds. Land users covered 30% of the establishment costs for soil conservation measures. Eg: the SALT method, stone bunds

4.5 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Cleaning of drains in tea land - removing weeds and sediments	After rainy season (twice a year)
2.	Lopping of trees established as SALT and shade trees of tea land	Before land preparation in each growing season
3.	Minor renovations of cattle shed and composing unit	Once in a year
4.	Replace bins used to collect liquid waste	Whenever broken

4.6 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Cleaning of drains in tea land - removing weeds and sediments	Person days	6,0	1200,0	7200,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Lopping of trees established as SALT and shade trees of tea land	Person days	4,0	1200,0	4800,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Minor renovations of cattle shed and composing unit	Person days	3,0	1200,0	3600,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	Application of compost and cattle manure	bag	25,0	125,0	3125,0	100,0
Matériaux de construction	Increase the area of the cattle shed (all included)		1,0	17800,0	17800,0	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					36525,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD)					110,64

Commentaires:

Maintenance activities are fully covered by the land owner.

4.7 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

The cost involved in intensive labour is higher than for inputs on a daily basis

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Indiquez si la Technologie est spécifiquement appliquée dans des:

• non pertinent

5.3 Sols

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

La salinité de l'eau est-elle un problème? :

Non

La zone est-elle inondée?

Non

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la qualité et la quantité d'eau:

Nilambe water reservoir is located in the valley and provides water for drinking and irrigation purposes. Part of the micro-catchment of the surface water body/reservoir is occupied by farms where intensive agriculture, homegardens and cattle rearing are practised. Limited soil conservation practices, overuse of agrochemicals and improper waste management have led to contamination of water

5.5 Biodiversité

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la biodiversité:

The forested and scrubland area is about tree species and species of shrubs. In addition, grass species as medicinal plants are also growing. Local and imported varieties of fruits avocado, guava, mango, banana, pomegranate, orange, lemon and tree and bush type of local fruits are grown. Local varieties of cardamom, cinnamon, pepper, nutmeg and other locally used spices such as coriander, mustard etc. have been grown in the home garden. Vegetables often grown include cabbage, beans, lettuce, cucumber, radish, tomato etc. In the tea land, two shade tree species, gliricidia and albizzia

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres utilisées par les exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• individu, sans titre de propriété

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• individuel

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• individuel

Est-ce que les droits d'utilisation des terres sont fondés sur un système juridique traditionnel?

Oui

Précisez:

The land belongs to a land user. Land use rights are passed down from generation to generation. Land use rights, water usage rights are based on a traditional legal system

Commentaires:

Because of the traditional legal system land use rights, and water usage rights are not free for all. Land users are able to implement and maintain technology without any disturbance occurring due to land and water usage rights

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

Réduction des risques de catastrophe et des risques climatiques

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Augmentation ou diminution	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		augmente	bien
températures saisonnières	saison des pluies/ humide	augmente	bien
températures saisonnières	saison sèche	augmente	bien
précipitations annuelles		décroît	bien
précipitations saisonnières	saison des pluies/ humide	décroît	bien
précipitations saisonnières	saison sèche	décroît	bien

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	bien

Catastrophes biologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
maladies épidémiques	modérément
infestation par des insectes/ vers	modérément

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Commentaires:

According to the land user’s perspective implementation of this technology provided net benefits from tea, vegetables and dairy farming compared with establishment and maintenance cost. In the beginning, land users had to invest substantial amount of money to establish this technology. However, short-term and long-term returns could cover the cost involved in establishment and maintenance of the technology.

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• cas isolés/ expérimentaux

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

The technology was introduced to about 10 farms but except one land user, others were unable to spend on developing technology irrespective of partial funds generated from other sources.

De tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle, ou aucune rémunération? :

• 0-10%

Commentaires:

No farmer was able to afford to develop technology by their own.

6.6 Adaptation

La Technologie a-t-elle été récemment modifiée pour s'adapter à l'évolution des conditions?

Non

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
After providing a proper shed for cows, it was possible to provide adequate feed and water for easy consumption of cows. This led to a significant increase in milk production.
Direct application of cow dung and liquid organic fertilizer for tea and vegetables led to an increase in crop yields and improved soil fertility.
As benefits are higher in monetary terms in comparison to the costs of investment for this technology, neighbourhood farmers who rear animals are encouraged to follow this technology.
Reduction in chemical fertilizer usage reduced the cost of production.
With the implementation of new technology, the number of pests and diseases incidences declined.

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
This technology is easy to promote on the farmland due to the low cost involved and multiple benefits are visible. This technology has changed the attitudes of farmers that dairy farming could be profitable and support crop cultivation.
Before implementing this technology landowners had to work outside to earn money. As the income increase with the establishment of the technology, landowners could spend more time on other farming activities onsite .
Modernization of cattle farms enable zero-grazing so that land user was able to spend additional time for other farming activities.
The landowner does not need to depend on government or private sector funds to improve their farming activities.

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Crops and fruits are often damaged by wild animals. Therefore the maximum profits cannot be achieved.	The landowner is with the opinion is that damage caused by wild animals could be stopped by constructing a steel fence around the land. However, farmer is unable to afford or such as the cost is very high.
Establishment of this technology requires considerable amount of money which is beyond the income and purchasing power of farmers with low income.	Providing partial funding by government or private sector organizations would help farmers to initiate the establishment of at least one or two components of technology.
Attitudes of neighboring farmers on dairy farming should be changed as a profit oriented business.	Introducing training programs and demonstrations at the successful farm would encourage other farmers to use the technology.

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
The landowner does not record profits that earn from his farming activities. He doesn’t have a good idea about the overall income of his farming activities per month.	The landowner should change attitudes toward income recordings.
People should be aware of these SLM technologies, SLM knowledge and benefits.	Government and private sector should invest in and implement SLM training programs.
Limited availability of modern technologies in cattle farming and crop cultivation affordable to middle income farmers.	Modernize farming with biogas technology, harvest tea with the cutter, prepare wormy compost and compost tea for tea cultivation.
Lack of properly established marketing channel for selling products.	Improve the product quality, or technology to develop value added products targeting supermarkets.

7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information

7.2 Références des publications disponibles

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Sustainable management practices for agricultural lands in the central highlands of Sri Lanka

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

rehabilitation of degraded agricultural land project office, food and agricultural organization of the United Nations Peradeniya Sri Lanka

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Project News: Fertile Soil

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

7.3 Liens vers les informations pertinentes en ligne

Titre/ description:

Controlled livestock grazing for soil fertility improvement [Uganda]

URL:

https://qcat.wocat.net/en/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_2761/