1.2 Технологийг үнэлэх, баримтжуулах ажилд хамаарах мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүс, байгууллагуудын холбоо барих мэдээлэл

Технологи баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн төслийн нэр (шаардлагатай бол)

Book project: Making sense of research for sustainable land management (GLUES)

Технологи баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн төслийн нэр (шаардлагатай бол)

Interplay among multiple uses of water reservoirs via innovative coupling of substance cycles in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems (INNOVATE / GLUES)

Технологи баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн байгууллага(ууд)-ын нэр (шаардлагатай бол)

Universität Hohenheim - Герман

Технологи баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн байгууллага(ууд)-ын нэр (шаардлагатай бол)

Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden - Герман

Технологи баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн байгууллага(ууд)-ын нэр (шаардлагатай бол)

Technische Universität Berlin (Technische Universität Berlin) - Герман

Технологи баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн байгууллага(ууд)-ын нэр (шаардлагатай бол)

Leibniz-Institut für Gewässerökologie und Binnenfischerei (IGB) - Герман

Технологи баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн байгууллага(ууд)-ын нэр (шаардлагатай бол)

Potsdam-Institut für Klimaforschung (PIK) - Герман

1.3 WOCAT-аар баримтжуулсан өгөгдлийг ашиглахтай холбоотой нөхцөл

Эмхэтгэгч болон гол мэдээлэгч хүн(хүмүүс) WOCAT аргачлалаар баримтжуулсан мэдээллийг ашиглахтай холбоотой нөхцлийг хүлээн зөвшөөрсөн.

Тийм

2.1 Технологийн товч тодорхойлолт

Технологийн тодорхойлолт:

Reducing the use of common agrochemicals by supporting preferred habitats of biological pest control agents like amphibians and by using alternative self-made organic pesticides.

2.2 Технологийн дэлгэрэнгүй тайлбар

Тодорхойлолт:

Irrigated crops attract various pest species. Farmers usually address crop pest and disease problems through the use of agrochemicals. Especially bees, birds, and amphibians, which fulfil important functions in agroecosystems, are affected by high use of agrochemicals. The combination of inappropriate irrigation practices, incorrect application rates of agrochemicals, and low producer prices often lead, however, to poor income from smallholder irrigated agriculture and to further problems such as poor health, loss of biodiversity, and soil and water contamination. Amphibians are themselves proven biological pest control agents of arthropod pest species (predators of e.g. larvae of butterflies, beetles, termites, bugs and others) and the incorrect use of agrochemicals, as well as the removal of vegetation along field margins hampers this useful function. The technology described here aims to support and utilise the potential of amphibians (such as frogs and toads) as biocontrol agents –as an alternative to agrochemicals in crops.

Purpose of the Technology: Establishing habitats for amphibians is crucial in order to increase and secure their numbers: for example encouraging shrubby vegetation next to water bodies for arboreal frogs, and installing additional water ponds inside and around plantations for ground-living frogs. First, the local species pool of amphibians needs to be determined by visual and acoustic observations. Amphibian species do not need to be determined precisely, but it is important to detect whether they are arboreal and/or ground-living amphibians, as these two groups have different roles as biocontrol agents. Pests that feed on the main cultivated species should be characterized by (a) collecting plant material to determine the type and quantity of pests and (b) by comparing observations with neighbouring farmers and extension agents. Pest species can be determined also by installing traps and using nets. Inspection should be done at least every 15 days to once a month during the whole rainy season to detect possible mass reproduction of arthropods after rainfall events. Once amphibians and pest species are detected, decisions on management strategies can be made. Such a strategy is to create habitats for amphibians with additional sources of income, e.g. by planting pomegranate or guavas as shrubby vegetation structure for arboreal frogs. If pest species can't be reduced solely by amphibian species, the use of agrochemicals has to be reconsidered. Preference shall be given to chemicals which do not harm amphibians. Organic, self-made pesticides based on the extract of manioc roots (manipoera) seem promising. Twenty litres of manipoera, the bark of manicoba tree (Manihot pseudoglaziovii), a cup of American wormseed (Dysphania ambrosioides), a cup of yellow tagetes (Tagetes sp.), a cup of malagueta pepper (Capsicum sp.), garlic and a little bit of bleach have to be chopped, mixed and fermented for 10 days. Application of the final product (25 ml of organic pesticide diluted in 20 l of water) should be done every 8 to 15 days depending on crop species.

Natural / human environment: Increasing habitat heterogeneity stimulates the diversity of amphibians and so a greater number of pest types will be controlled. Combined control by safeguarding natural amphibian habitats and application of organic pesticides is an innovative alternative to the overuse of toxic agrochemicals.

2.3 Технологийн гэрэл зураг

2.5 Энэ үнэлгээнд хамрагдсан технологийг хэрэгжүүлсэн улс орон / бүс нутаг / байршил

2.6 Хэрэгжих огноо

Байгуулсан тодорхой оныг мэдэхгүй бол баримжаа хугацааг тодорхойл:

• >50 жилийн өмнө (уламжлалт)

2.7 Технологийн танилцуулга

Технологийг хэрхэн нэвтрүүлснийг тодорхойл:

• Туршилт/судалгааны үр дүн

3.2 Технологи хэвтрүүлсэн газрын одоогийн газар ашиглалтын хэлбэр(д)

Нэг газр нутгийн хэмжээнд хэрэгжих холимог газар ашиглалт:

Тийм

Газар ашиглалтын холимог тогтолцоог (тарилан/бэлчээр/ой мод) тодорхойл:

• Агро-сильво-пасторализм

Тайлбар:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Intensive livestock grazing pressure, agriculture and logging of native vegetation are the driving factors behind loss of the Caatinga dry forest. The high use of agrochemicals additionally pollutes soils and watersheds, and probably also decreases local biodiversity. Droughts seem to occur more frequently and these decrease water and food availability for livestock, as well as affecting the local fauna.

Example for establishment of technology within study region: In the irrigation schemes of Petrolândia, Pernambuco, Brazil, the most important arthropod pest species in banana plantation was a weevil (Curculionidae, Coleoptera). The weevil (so called “moleque da bananeira”) attacked the roots of the banana plants, in consequence the plant tumbled down and was lost. As the weevil stays during the day in the ground and only starts moving during the night, it is difficult to combat this pest species by agrochemicals. With an increase of small water ponds with a shore vegetation structure (for example at 2 corners of the plantation) the abundance of ground-living amphibians increases and so the presence of amphibians in the banana plantation which feed on the weevil during the night.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Droughts and consequently problems of feeding livestock on natural vegetation (lack of fodder and grazing grounds), deforestation, extensive and inappropriate use of agrochemicals, low producer prices.

Nomadism: goat, sheep, cattle

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: goat, sheep, cattle

Ranching: goat, sheep, cattle

Cut-and-carry/ zero grazing: goat, sheep, cattle

Improved pasture: goat, sheep, cattle

Mixed: (eg agro-pastoralism, silvo-pastoralism): goat, sheep, cattle

Selective felling of (semi-) natural forests: Yes

Clear felling of (semi-)natural forests: Yes

Shifting cultivation: Yes

Plantation forestry: Yes

Forest products and services: timber, fuelwood, fruits and nuts, grazing / browsing, other forest products / uses (honey, medical, etc.), nature conservation / protection

Livestock is grazing on crop residues

3.4 Усан хангамж

Технологи хэрэгжүүлсэн газрын усан хангамж:

• Байгалийн/усалгаа хосолсон

3.5 Технологи ГТМ-ийн аль бүлэгт хамаарах

• Хортон шавьж, өвчлөлийн нэгдсэн менежмент (органик хөдөө аж ахуй)

• Biological pest control

3.6 Технологийг бүрдүүлэх ГТМ арга хэмжээ

Тайлбар:

Main measures: agronomic measures, vegetative measures, structural measures, management measures

Type of agronomic measures: retaining more vegetation cover

3.7 Технологийн шийдвэрлэсэн газрын доройтлын үндсэн төрлүүд

Тайлбар:

Main type of degradation addressed: Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bh: loss of habitats, Bs: quality and species composition /diversity decline, Bp: increase of pests / diseases, loss of predators, Hs: change in quantity of surface water
Secondary types of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

Main causes of degradation:

Direct causes - Human induced: crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (high use of agrochemicals, degradation of natural habitats), deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (high logging and grazing intensity, no forest area without grazing!), overgrazing (high logging and grazing intensity, no forest area without grazing!)
Direct causes - Natural: change in temperature (droughts become more frequently), change of seasonal rainfall (droughts become more frequently), heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (less rainfall intensity), droughts (droughts become more frequently)

Secondary causes of degradation: urbanisation and infrastructure development (extending farmlands), population pressure (extending farmlands), poverty / wealth (farmers need to use natural resources as livestock fodder), education, access to knowledge and support services (less environmental awareness)

3.8 Газрын доройтлоос урьдчилан сэргийлэх, сааруулах ба нөхөн сэргээх

Газрын доройтолтой холбоотойгоор Технологи ямар зорилго тавьсан болохыг тодорхойл:

• Газрын доройтлоос урьдчилан сэргийлэх
• Газрын доройтлыг багасгах сааруулах

Тайлбар:

Main goals: prevention of land degradation, mitigation / reduction of land degradation

Secondary goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.1 Технологийн техникийн зураг

4.3 Байгуулах үйл ажиллагаа

	Үйл ажиллагаа	Хугацаа (улирал)
1.	Installing of additional small and large water bodies: a. large ponds outside the plantation (~100 m²/pond, ~ 4 ponds/plantation, one working day per pond) b. smaller ponds for ground-living frogs inside the plantation (one working day/ 5 ha). c. drainages can be installed instead of ponds outside the plantation for sustainable water use (machine rent)
2.	Large ponds outside the plantation (~100 m²/ponds, ~4 ponds/plantation, one working day per pond)
3.	Smaller ponds for ground-living frogs inside the plantation (one working day/ 5 ha)
4.	Drainages can be installed instead of ponds outside the plantation for sustainable water use (machine rent)
5.	Planting shrubby vegetation or fruit trees outside and inside the plantation. Planting of Guava trees as shrubby vegetation: 25% density compared to Guava monoculture (e.g. 1.25 working days for exclusive Guava plantation)
6.	As irrigation was free in the study region, there were no costs calculated
7.	Knapsack sprayer for application of pesticides

4.4 Байгуулалтад шаардагдах зардал ба материал

	Хөрөнгө оруулалтыг дурьдана уу	Хэмжих нэгж	Тоо хэмжээ	Нэгжийн өртөг	Материал бүрийн нийт өртөг	% газар ашиглачаас гарсан зардал
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	Constructing of large ponds	ha	1.0	36.0	36.0	100.0
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	Constructing of small ponds	ha	1.0	1.8	1.8	100.0
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	Planting 100 Guava tree/ha	ha	1.0	11.25	11.25	100.0
Тоног төхөөрөмж	Rent of machine for pond or drainage ditch excavation	ha	1.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Тоног төхөөрөмж	Knapsack sprayer	ha	1.0	90.0	90.0	100.0
Таримал материал	Fruit tree seedlings (100)	ha	1.0	75.0	75.0	100.0
Технологи бий болгох нийт үнэ өртөг					314.05
Технологи бий болгох нийт үнэ өртөг, ам.доллар					314.05

4.5 Засвар үйлчилгээ / давтагдах үйл ажиллагаа

	Үйл ажиллагаа	Хугацаа/ давтамж
1.	Monitoring amphibian species at least 3 nights in the rainy season (can be done by the farmer himself)
2.	Monitoring of pest species (1 hour/ha) at least every 15 days in the rainy season (5 month/year) and once a month in dry season (7 month/year) (can be done by the farmer himself)
3.	Production and application of organic pesticides (25 ml of organic pesticide diluted in 20 l of water and applied every 8 to 15 days). Note: for commercial pesticides the application costs are the same.
4.	Application of fertilizer (1 working day/ year)
5.	Pruning of trees (5.25 working days(/year)

4.6 Засвар үйлчилгээ / урсгал үйл ажиллагаанд шаардагдах зардал ба материал (жилээр)

	Хөрөнгө оруулалтыг дурьдана уу	Хэмжих нэгж	Тоо хэмжээ	Нэгжийн өртөг	Материал бүрийн нийт өртөг	% газар ашиглачаас гарсан зардал
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	Monitoring of frogs	ha	1.0	27.0	27.0	100.0
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	Monitoring of pest species	ha	1.0	18.0	18.0
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	Production and application of organic pesticide	ha	1.0	720.5	720.5
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	Pruning and fertilizer application	ha	1.0	56.25	56.25
Технологийг арчилах тордоход шаардагдах нийт үнэ өртөг					821.75
Технологи сайжруулах нийт үнэ өртөг, ам.доллар					821.75

Тайлбар:

To calculate the above example a scenario with maximum activities was taken. Any other scenario will be cheaper. Prices are from the year 2013. Real 1 = USD 0.3.. A total of 6 liters of concentrated organic pesticides per hectare per year are needed. This applies for both self-made and commercial pesticides. As commercial organic pesticides cost about USD 36 per liter, farmers spend USD 216 less per year for self-produced organic pesticides. Similarly commercial non-organic pesticides are more expensive compared to self-made organic pesticides. An additional income of USD 120 / ha / harvest were estimated for guava trees even under possible poor conditions like shadow and extensive management. Other additional sources of income are from the sale of self-produced organic pesticides and livestock grazing instead of using herbicides.

5.1 Уур амьсгал

5.2 Байрзүйн зураг

Гадаргын талаархи тайлбар ба бусад тодорхойлолт:

Slopes on average: gentle (3-5%), moderate (6-10%), rolling (11-15%), hilly (16-30%)

5.3 Хөрс

Боломжтой бол хөрсний бүрэн тодорхойлолт, боломжит мэдээллийг өгнө үү, жишээ нь хөрсний төрөл, хөрсний урвалын орчин/хүчиллэг байдал, катион солилцох чадавхи, азотын хэмжээ, давсжилт г.м.

Soil fertility is: low, very low
Soil drainage/infiltration is: Poor-medium
Soil water storage capacity: low, very low

5.4 Усны хүртээм ба чанар

5.5 Биологийн төрөл зүйл

Биологийн олон янз байдлын талаархи тайлбар ба бусад тодорхойлолт:

Species diversity: medium, low
Species richness of the study region depended strongly on habitat heterogeneity.

5.6 Технологи нэвтрүүлсэн газар ашиглагчидын онцлог шинж

Газар ашиглагчдын бусад шаардлагатай шинж чанарыг тодорхойл:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

Off-farm income specification: the same, there are just single farmers who use the technology till now

Market orientation of production system: subsistence (self-supply), subsistence (self-supply), subsistence (self-supply), mixed (subsistence/ commercial, mixed (subsistence/ commercial, commercial/ market, commercial/ market

5.7 Технологи нэвтрүүлэхэд газар ашиглагчийн ашигласан газрын дундаж талбай

5.8 Газар эзэмшил, газар ашиглах эрх, ус ашиглах эрх

Газар өмчлөл:

• Төр засаг

Газар ашиглах эрх:

• Хувь хүн

• official registration and permission

• official registration and permission

5.9 Дэд бүтэц, үйлчилгээний хүртээмж

6.1 Технологийн талбай дахь үр нөлөө

Нийгэм-эдийн засгийн үр нөлөө

Үйлдвэрлэл

Орлого, зарлага

Нийгэм-соёлын үр нөлөө

Экологийн үр нөлөө

Биологийн: ургамал, амьтан

6.2 Технологийн талбайн гадна үзүүлсэн үр нөлөө

6.3 Технологийн уур амьсгалын өөрчлөлт ба Уур амьсгалаас хамаарах аюул/гамшигт үзэгдэлд өртөх байдал ба эмзэг байдал (газар ашиглагч нарын дүгнэлтээр)

Уур амьсгалын аажим өөрчлөлт

Уур амьсгалын аажим өөрчлөлт

	Улирал	Өсөх эсвэл буурах	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
Жилийн дундаж температур		Өсөлт	Сайн

Уур амьсгалаас хамаарах аюулууд (гамшигууд)

Цаг уурын гамшигууд

	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
Орон нутгийн аадар бороо	Сайн биш
Орон нутгийн салхин шуурга	Сайн

Уур амьсгалын гамшигууд

	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
Ган гачиг	Сайн биш

Гидрологийн гамшиг

	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
усны үер (гол)	Сайн

Бусад уур амьсгалд хамаарах үр дагаварууд

Бусад уур амьсгалд хамаарах үр дагаварууд

	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
Ургалтын хугацаа багасах	Сайн

Тайлбар:

As amphibians depend in their abundance and species composition on the rainfall amount and intensity the technology is sensitive for changing rainfall events by increasing abundance of amphibians with higher rainfall amount and so probably a better pest control.
In case of frequent droughts, reptiles like lizards get more important as they do not depend so strong on rainfall events like amphibians.

6.4 Зардал ба үр ашгийн шинжилгээ

Үр ашгийг барилга байгууламжийн зардалтай (газар ашиглагчдын үзэл бодлоор) хэрхэн харьцуулах вэ?

Үр ашгийг засвар үйлчилгээ/ урсгал зардалтай (газар ашиглагчдын үзэл бодлоор) хэрхэн харьцуулах вэ?

6.5 Технологи нутагшуулах

Тайлбар:

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Technology is still in the testing phase and it is too early to give any data on acceptance or adoption

6.7 Технологийн давуу тал/боломжууд

Эмхэтгэгч, бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн өнцгөөс тодорхойлсон давуу тал/боломжууд
A strong advantage is the low cost of this ecosystem service which is provided almost freely to farmers, especially when the potential for pest control (abundancy of useful amphibians) is high enough to eliminate the need for agrochemicals. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Establish adequate habitats to maintain high diversity of the relevant reptiles and amphibians.
Less use of agrochemicals results in a healthier environment for producers and consumers How can they be sustained / enhanced? If the potential of the reptiles and amphibians is not high enough to combat all pest species, organic chemicals or alternative biocontrol species could be used (for example horntails etc.).
Changing monoculture to mixed systems - or even agropastoral systems - offers additional income sources, while diversification often as a buffer to sudden drops in the price of a particular crop How can they be sustained / enhanced? The crop mixture needs to be well designed, to ensure that the harvests of important crops are not affected too much, and the reduction compensated for by the others.

6.8 Технологийн дутагдалтай/сул тал/аюул болон тэдгээрийн хэрхэн даван туулах арга замууд

Эмхэтгэгч, бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн өнцгөөс тодорхойлсон сул тал/ дутагдал/ эрсдэл	Тэдгээрийг хэрхэн даван туулах вэ?
Droughts and limited water availability influence species richness of amphibians.	Providing sufficient water bodies for amphibians to outwear heavy droughts is recommended.

7.1 Мэдээллийн аргууд / эх сурвалжууд

7.2 Хүртээмжтэй ном, бүтээлийн ишлэл

Гарчиг, зохиогч, он, ISBN:

): Guschal & Hagel et al. Benefits of site-adapted management (pest-control) innovations in northeastern Brazil.

Хаанаас авч болох вэ? Зардал?

In preparation