1.2 Технологийг үнэлэх, баримтжуулах ажилд хамаарах мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүс, байгууллагуудын холбоо барих мэдээлэл

Технологи баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн төслийн нэр (шаардлагатай бол)

Good Practices in Soil and Water Conservation - A contribution to adaptation and farmers ́ resilience towards climate change in the Sahel (GIZ)

Технологи баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн байгууллага(ууд)-ын нэр (шаардлагатай бол)

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) - Герман

1.3 WOCAT-аар баримтжуулсан өгөгдлийг ашиглахтай холбоотой нөхцөл

Эмхэтгэгч болон гол мэдээлэгч хүн(хүмүүс) WOCAT аргачлалаар баримтжуулсан мэдээллийг ашиглахтай холбоотой нөхцлийг хүлээн зөвшөөрсөн.

Тийм

1.4 Технологи тогтвортой гэдгийг баталгаажуулах

Энэ технологи азрын доройтлыг бууруулахад нөлөө үзүүлэхгүй тул газрын тогтвортой менежментийн технологи болж чадахгүй юу?

Үгүй

2.1 Технологийн товч тодорхойлолт

Технологийн тодорхойлолт:

Nardi/Vallerani trenches are microcatchments which are made using a special tractor-pulled plough to restore degraded and encrusted forests and rangelands

2.2 Технологийн дэлгэрэнгүй тайлбар

Тодорхойлолт:

Nardi/Vallerani trenches are microcatchments 4 m long and 0.5 m wide. They are made using a tractor-pulled plough specifically designed for this purpose. The Nardi plough cuts a furrow perpendicular to the slope, throwing up a ridge on the downhill side and thereby creating a barrier on that side of the furrow. The number of trenches varies according to the gradient of the terrain and the type of soil: the recommended number of microcatchments for flat or gently sloping terrain is between 250 and 400 per hectare, with the rows spaced 5 to 7 m apart; and for steeper slopes, the rows should be spaced 3 to 4 m apart, with a density of up to 600 microcatchments per hectare. In each Nardi/Vallerani microcatchment, two or three trees are planted or sown by direct seeding and then separated when they come up. Perennial grasses are sown a year later to allow the trees to become established first. The choice of species largely depends on the use to which the improved land is to be put and the priorities of the beneficiaries. It is recommended that the improved site be protected from grazing animals for at least three years to give the trees time to grow and the grass time to reproduce naturally, although the exact amount of time required will depend on the type of trees planted and how degraded the site is.
Nardi/Vallerani trenches are generally combined with scarification, which is carried out using a tractor-pulled scarifier. The strips between the trenches are scarified a year after they have been dug. These scarified strips are sown with perennial grasses at the same time as the trenches. The trees planted the year before are a year old, and the risk of the saplings being choked by the grass is minimal.

Runoff collects in the Vallerani microcatchments, improving the infiltration of water into the soil and the retention of water for the plants growing in them. They also serve to loosen the soil and improve the plants’ access to nutrients. Windborne seeds are trapped in the microcatchments, which helps to build up the natural grass cover.
This technique is particularly effective when rainfall is low, as the microcatchments retain water and make it available to the plants growing in them.
In the medium term, this technique is effective in protecting the land against water and wind erosion and rehabilitating barren land with no vegetation. In wet years, the microcatchments protect the land downhill from excessive run- off by retaining part of the water.
Implemented on a wide scale, this technique can extend and improve the quality of forest and rangeland and reduce the problems for livestock keepers in years when the quality of pasture is not good. In the medium and long- term, the technique can increase the supply of firewood, timber and other wood products. Even in the short term, it increases the production of straw, which can be used as forage, for making roofing and mats or sold to generate extra income.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: In order to ensure the sustainability of the investment, it is necessary to take the following steps before constructing the trenches: ensure that the communities are motivated to invest in the measure; ensure that the communities have the capacity to do the work and the technical expertise required to implement the measures and develop and manage the sites; ensure that there are sufficiently strong local and regional markets for forest/rangeland products; clearly define the objective (intended uses after improvement); clarify ownership of the land to be improved; jointly define who the beneficiaries will be; formulate an agreement establishing rules governing the protection, use and upkeep of the site.
The right grass species must be chosen to ensure the successful establishment of vegetation cover, taking the following factors into consideration: needs of livestock keepers and/or agro-pastoralists; species suited to environmental conditions, taking into account climate changes; palatability and nutritive value of the species and any secondary uses they may have; availability of seeds; potential for marketing products.

The Sahel is a region where the population has always faced a high degree of climate variability, manifested both in terms of time (unexpected dry spells can occur during the rainy season) and in terms of space (rainfall can vary greatly from one area to another). The population is mainly composed of small farmers and livestock keepers.
Over the last two decades, the effects of climate change have exacerbated the already difficult conditions. Accord¬ing to projections made by climatologists, the Sahel will experience a rise in temperatures combined with highly variable rainfall and an increase in extreme weather events.
The Soil and Water conservation and rehabilitation techniques have helped people in the Sahel to manage their ecosystems more effectively and improve their productive land. As a result, communities are better prepared to cope with environmental changes (changes in the climate, land degradation, etc.) and the im¬pact of shocks, particularly droughts

2.3 Технологийн гэрэл зураг

2.5 Энэ үнэлгээнд хамрагдсан технологийг хэрэгжүүлсэн улс орон / бүс нутаг / байршил

2.6 Хэрэгжих огноо

Байгуулсан тодорхой оныг мэдэхгүй бол баримжаа хугацааг тодорхойл:

• 10-50 жилийн өмнө

2.7 Технологийн танилцуулга

Технологийг хэрхэн нэвтрүүлснийг тодорхойл:

• Гадны төсөл/хөтөлбөрийн дэмжлэгтэйгээр

Тайлбар (төслийн төрөл г.м.):

developed, implemented and disseminated as part of projects and programmes undertaken from the 1980s onwards to combat desertification and improve natural resource management. Implemented by GIZ (German Federal Enterprise for International Cooperation), PDRT (Projet de développement rural de Tahoua - Tahoua Rural Development Project), PASP (Projet de protection intégrée des ressources agro-sylvo-pastorales Tillabéri-Nord - Project for the Integrated Protection of Agricultural, Forest and Rangeland Resources in Tillabéri-Nord)

3.1 Технологийн үндсэн зорилго (д)

• Газрын доройтлыг бууруулах, сэргийлэх, нөхөн сэргээх

3.2 Технологи хэвтрүүлсэн газрын одоогийн газар ашиглалтын хэлбэр(д)

Тайлбар:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): crusting, surface runoff, water and wind erosion, unadapted land use methods, rapidly growing population increasing pressure on land, reduced or abandoned fallow periods, insecure access to land.
Farmers are mainly agropastoralists with some communities specialised on pure pastoralism

Constraints of forested government-owned land or commons

Number of growing seasons per year: 1
Longest growing period in days: 120, Longest growing period from month to month: August to October
Livestock density: 1-10 LU /km2

3.4 Усан хангамж

Технологи хэрэгжүүлсэн газрын усан хангамж:

• Байгалийн/усалгаа хосолсон

3.5 Технологи ГТМ-ийн аль бүлэгт хамаарах

• гадаргын/ ургамал бүрхэвч сайжрах
• Хамгийн бага хөрсний эвдрэл
• Налуугийн хөндөлн огтлолын дагуух арга хэмжээ

3.6 Технологийг бүрдүүлэх ГТМ арга хэмжээ

3.7 Технологийн шийдвэрлэсэн газрын доройтлын үндсэн төрлүүд

Тайлбар:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Unadapted land use methods, reduced or abandoned fallow periods), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Neglect of fallow periods and crop rotation), droughts (due to heat waves), population pressure (rapidly growing population increasing pressure on land), land tenure (insecure access to land and collectively managaed commons), poverty / wealth (very poor population)

Secondary causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (deforestation through overgrazing and fire wood collection), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (firewood collection), overgrazing (cattle, shee and goats), change in temperature (Climate change: heat waves), change of seasonal rainfall (more variable onset of rain), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (more variable and intensive rains), wind storms / dust storms (frequent storms), floods (due to intensive rains), labour availability (some migration of men to nearby cities), education, access to knowledge and support services (high level of illiteracy)

3.8 Газрын доройтлоос урьдчилан сэргийлэх, сааруулах ба нөхөн сэргээх

Газрын доройтолтой холбоотойгоор Технологи ямар зорилго тавьсан болохыг тодорхойл:

• Газрын доройтлыг багасгах сааруулах
• Хүчтэй доройтсон газрыг нөхөн сэргээх/ сайжруулах

4.1 Технологийн техникийн зураг

4.2 Материал болон зардалд хамаарах ерөнхий мэдээлэл

бусад/үндэсний мөнгөн нэгж (тодорхойл):

CFA Franc

Хэрэв боломжтой бол үндэсний валютын Америк доллартай харьцах харьцааг бичнэ үү (тухайлбал, 1 ам.дол. = 79,9 Бразил реал): 1 ам.дол. =:

521.18

4.3 Байгуулах үйл ажиллагаа

	Үйл ажиллагаа	Хугацаа (улирал)
1.	The Nardi plough cuts a furrow perpendicular to the slope, throwing up a ridge on the downhill side and thereby creating a barrier on that side of the furrow
2.	In each Nardi/Vallerani microcatchment, two or three trees are planted or sown by direct seeding

4.4 Байгуулалтад шаардагдах зардал ба материал

	Хөрөнгө оруулалтыг дурьдана уу	Хэмжих нэгж	Тоо хэмжээ	Нэгжийн өртөг	Материал бүрийн нийт өртөг	% газар ашиглачаас гарсан зардал
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	labour	ha	1.0	16.3	16.3	100.0
Тоног төхөөрөмж	machine use	ha	1.0	23.6	23.6	100.0
Тоног төхөөрөмж	transport and planting trees	ha	1.0	12.3	12.3	100.0
Таримал материал	seedlings	ha	1.0	52.0	52.0	100.0
Технологи бий болгох нийт үнэ өртөг					104.2
Технологи бий болгох нийт үнэ өртөг, ам.доллар					0.2

4.5 Засвар үйлчилгээ / давтагдах үйл ажиллагаа

	Үйл ажиллагаа	Хугацаа/ давтамж
1.	Separating trees when they come up
2.	Perennial grasses are sown a year after the trees to allow the trees to become established first.
3.	The strips between the trenches are scarifieda year after they have been dug. These scarified strips are sown with perennial grasses at the same time as the trenches.

4.6 Засвар үйлчилгээ / урсгал үйл ажиллагаанд шаардагдах зардал ба материал (жилээр)

Тайлбар:

Microcatchments on low-gradient terrain
• 1 Nardi plough (imported from Italy)
• tractor hire.
Labour
• 8.5 man-days per ha.
Other costs
• 800 seedlings and 15 kg of seeds (plus transport and replacement plants).

4.7 Зардалд нөлөөлж байгаа хамгийн чухал хүчин зүйл

Өртөг зардлыг тодорхойлох гол хүчин зүйлсийг дурьдана уу:

The slope determines the costs. The number of trenches varies according to the gradient of the terrain and the type of soil: the recommended number of microcatchments for flat or gently sloping terrain is between 250 and 400 per hectare, with the rows spaced 5 to 7 m apart; and for steeper slopes, the rows should be spaced 3 to 4 m apart, with a density of up to 600 microcatchments per hectare.

5.1 Уур амьсгал

5.2 Байрзүйн зураг

5.3 Хөрс

5.4 Усны хүртээм ба чанар

5.5 Биологийн төрөл зүйл

5.6 Технологи нэвтрүүлсэн газар ашиглагчидын онцлог шинж

Газар ашиглагчдын бусад шаардлагатай шинж чанарыг тодорхойл:

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 3% - 4% (mostly poor households below poverty line).
Off-farm income specification: men migrate temporarily or permanently to cities for off-farm income, women and men seasonally carry out paid farm work

5.7 Технологи нэвтрүүлэхэд газар ашиглагчийн ашигласан газрын дундаж талбай

5.8 Газар эзэмшил, газар ашиглах эрх, ус ашиглах эрх

Газар өмчлөл:

• Төр засаг
• Нэгдэл/ тосгон

Газар ашиглах эрх:

• Нээлттэй хүртэх (зохион байгуулалтгүй)
• Нэгдлийн хэлбэрээр (зохион байгуулалттай)

Ус ашиглах эрх:

• Нээлттэй хүртэх (зохион байгуулалтгүй)
• Нэгдлийн хэлбэрээр (зохион байгуулалттай)

Тайлбар:

traditional land use rights prevail. On fields individual land use rights, communal land on pasture and forest land (collection of wood and other products (fruits, medicinal plants))

5.9 Дэд бүтэц, үйлчилгээний хүртээмж

6.1 Технологийн талбай дахь үр нөлөө

Нийгэм-эдийн засгийн үр нөлөө

Үйлдвэрлэл

Орлого, зарлага

Бусад нийгэм-эдийн засгийн нөлөөллүүд

Нийгэм-соёлын үр нөлөө

Экологийн үр нөлөө

Усны эргэлт/ илүүдэл

Хөрс

Биологийн: ургамал, амьтан

Уур амьсгал болон гамшгийн эрсдлийг бууруулах

6.2 Технологийн талбайн гадна үзүүлсэн үр нөлөө

6.3 Технологийн уур амьсгалын өөрчлөлт ба Уур амьсгалаас хамаарах аюул/гамшигт үзэгдэлд өртөх байдал ба эмзэг байдал (газар ашиглагч нарын дүгнэлтээр)

Уур амьсгалын аажим өөрчлөлт

Уур амьсгалын аажим өөрчлөлт

	Улирал	Өсөх эсвэл буурах	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
Жилийн дундаж температур		Өсөлт	Сайн

Уур амьсгалаас хамаарах аюулууд (гамшигууд)

Цаг уурын гамшигууд

	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
Орон нутгийн аадар бороо	Сайн биш
Орон нутгийн салхин шуурга	Сайн

Уур амьсгалын гамшигууд

	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
Ган гачиг	Сайн

Гидрологийн гамшиг

	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
усны үер (гол)	Сайн биш

Тайлбар:

Physical structures can be biologically stabilized through planting of grass, bushes or trees. Damages are generally small but need to be repaired quickly.

6.4 Зардал ба үр ашгийн шинжилгээ

Үр ашгийг барилга байгууламжийн зардалтай (газар ашиглагчдын үзэл бодлоор) хэрхэн харьцуулах вэ?

Үр ашгийг засвар үйлчилгээ/ урсгал зардалтай (газар ашиглагчдын үзэл бодлоор) хэрхэн харьцуулах вэ?

Тайлбар:

In the short term, this technique increases the production of straw, which can be used as forage, for making roofing and mats or sold to generate extra income. In the medium and long-term, the technique can increase the supply of firewood, timber and other wood products.

6.5 Технологи нутагшуулах

Тайлбар:

The techniques were implemented with food for work in the 1990s to 2000. At the end, the work provided by land users was not compensated. Only small equipment and transportation were provided for free. Some adoption (without support by the project) has been observed in some places.
There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology. Some adoption (without support by the project) has been observed in some places.

6.7 Технологийн давуу тал/боломжууд

Эмхэтгэгч, бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн өнцгөөс тодорхойлсон давуу тал/боломжууд
In the medium term, this technique is effective in protecting the land against water and wind erosion and rehabilitating barren land with no vegetation.
Runoff collects in the Vallerani microcatchments, improving the infiltration of water into the soil and the retention of water for the plants growing in them. They also serve to loosen the soil and improve the plants’ access to nutrients. Windborne seeds are trapped in the microcatchments, which helps to build up the natural grass cover.
In wet years, the micro-catchments protect the land downhill from excessive runoff by retaining part of the water.
This technique is particularly effective when rainfall is low, as the microcatchments retain water and make it available to the plants growing within them.
The average additional output of dry matter in the form of herbaceous biomass was approximately 540 kg/ha, compared with less than 100 kg per hectare on land where the technique was not applied

6.8 Технологийн дутагдалтай/сул тал/аюул болон тэдгээрийн хэрхэн даван туулах арга замууд

Эмхэтгэгч, бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн өнцгөөс тодорхойлсон сул тал/ дутагдал/ эрсдэл	Тэдгээрийг хэрхэн даван туулах вэ?
Animal production is reduced because the improved site should be protected from grazing animals for at least three years to give the trees time to grow and the grass time to reproduce naturally
Vallerani microcatchments are recommended for use on well-structured soils (soils with high clay content and lateritic and stony soils). On poorly structured soils (sandy, silty soils), the furrows tend to close over after the first rains, rendering them ineffective.
The Acacia holosericea species is not considered suitable for reforestation purposes, owing to its limited life span.

7.1 Мэдээллийн аргууд / эх сурвалжууд

7.2 Хүртээмжтэй ном, бүтээлийн ишлэл

Гарчиг, зохиогч, он, ISBN:

Good Practices in Soil and Water Conservation. A contribution to adaptation and farmers´ resilience towards climate change in the Sahel. Published by GIZ in 2012.

Хаанаас авч болох вэ? Зардал?

http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Main_Page