1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (MoA) - Quênia

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

21/04/2003

O compilador e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através do WOCAT:

Sim

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Water harvest for agricultural production in Asals

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

Water harvest enhances extra moisture and reduces risk of crop failure. It can either be external or internal. The activities also reduce runoff/overland flow and soil loss.
Manure and fertilizer improve soil water holding capacity and soil properties.
Appropriate tillage for improvement of infiltration rate of the soil.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• menos de 10 anos atrás (recentemente)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• através de projetos/intervenções externas

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

ministry of agriculture and rural development, soil and water conservation branch Nairobi, Kenya

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Topsoil losses, creation of hardban, soil surface crusting and fertility decline are major problems in areas without SWC.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Yield decline and poor quality produce are problems in areas without SWC.

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: mixed land use type

Mixed: (eg agro-pastoralism, silvo-pastoralism): practiced by few

Other grazingland: semi-intensive grazing: semi-intensive grazing

Grazingland comments: Area closure can not be substituted, stall feeding materials not available. The family leader owns the stock but could fail to meet family needs if the system is not commercialized.

Selective felling of (semi-) natural forests: fuelwood purpose

Clear felling of (semi-)natural forests: for agricultural production

Problems / comments regarding forest use: Some uncontrolled grazing/browsing rather critical tp forest establoshment. Gapping can last long due to rainfall long intervals

Forest products and services: fuelwood, fruits and nuts

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: maize as major crop, followed by tubbers and legumes.

Type of grazing system comments: Area closure can not be substituted, stall feeding materials not available. The family leader owns the stock but could fail to meet family needs if the system is not commercialized.

Constraints of astructure network (roads, railways, pipe lines, power lines): roadside runoff enhances runoff Farming. Isolated trees preserved by traders in Mkt-centres

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Precipitação natural

Número de estações de cultivo por ano:

• 2

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 106 Longest growing period from month to month: Mar - Jun Second longest growing period in days: 71 Second longest growing period from month to month: Oct - Dec

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Coleta de água

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Comentários:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 45 m2.

Target-area 485 km^2 inhabited by 6550 farm families and population dynamic 46075.

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Main measures: structural measures

Secondary measures: agronomic measures, vegetative measures

Type of agronomic measures: relay cropping, manure / compost / residues, breaking compacted topsoil

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour, scattered / dispersed, in blocks

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main type of degradation addressed: Pk: sealing and crusting

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Prevenir degradação do solo

Comentários:

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation, rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

technical drawing catchment to cultural area ratio: 3:1 - 5:1 Horizontal interval constant

Makueni district

Date: 22.11.2002

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: high

Main technical functions: water harvesting / increase water supply

Secondary technical functions: increase / maintain water stored in soil, increase in soil fertility

Relay cropping
Material/ species: improved mango trees
Quantity/ density: 124
Remarks: 9 m^2

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: FYM/compost
Quantity/ density: 12.5 t/ha

Breaking compacted topsoil
Remarks: appropriate tillage

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: G : grass
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1.2
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.6x0.3
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 15
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1.5

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 40

In blocks
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 124
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 9
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 9x9
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 9

Trees/ shrubs species: Cacia scamea, Accacia albida

Fruit trees / shrubs species: mango, citrus, pawpaw

Grass species: ceuchrus cuharis, erayroster superba

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 8.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 0.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 0.20%

Retention/infiltration ditch/pit, sediment/sand trap
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1.2
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.6
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1.2
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 100
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.45
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1.5

Terrace: bench level
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1.2
Spacing between structures (m): 15
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.6
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 100
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.45

Construction material (earth): earth moving for SWC embankment construction

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 8%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0.2%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Change of land use type: stock holding capacity of land

4.3 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Especifique a moeda utilizada para os cálculos de custo:

• Dólares norte-americanos

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	grass planting on embankments	Vegetativo	after onset of rain
2.	fruits seedling transplanting	Vegetativo	october rain
3.	dispersed tree seedlings transplanting	Vegetativo	october rain
4.	retention/infiltration ditches	Estrutural	after crop harvest
5.	Bench terraces	Estrutural	after crop harvest
6.	external water harvest channels	Estrutural	before raining season
7.	structure stabilization	Estrutural	onset of rain
8.	manure/fertilizer application	Estrutural	after crop harvest
9.	Bush clearing	Gestão	after grazing
10.	reseeding/grass planting in bare parches	Gestão	dry season
11.	fodder establishment	Gestão	rainy season
12.	removal of unwanted shrubs	Gestão	following rotational sequence

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Labour	ha	1,0	296,0	296,0	100,0
Equipamento	Machine use	ha	1,0	32,5	32,5	100,0
Equipamento	Animal traction	ha	1,0	72,3	72,3	100,0
Equipamento	Tools	ha	1,0	385,0	385,0	100,0
Material vegetal	Seeds	ha	1,0	76,3	76,3	100,0
Material vegetal	Seedligs	ha	1,0	79,5	79,5	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Fertilizer	ha	1,0	58,0	58,0	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Biocides	ha	1,0	47,4	47,4	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Compost/manure	ha	1,0	78,0	78,0	100,0
Material de construção	Stone	ha	1,0	244,0	244,0	100,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					1369,0

Comentários:

Duration of establishment phase: 36 month(s)

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	tillaging	Agronômico	before rain / annually
2.	tillaging	Agronômico	on set / seasonally
3.	manure application	Agronômico	dry season / annually
4.	grass cutting and gapping	Vegetativo	onset of rain /twice per season
5.	prunning and trimming	Vegetativo	after every harvest /annual
6.	pollading and copsing	Vegetativo	when intended /after several years
7.	retention/infiltration	Estrutural	before onset of rain/seasonally
8.	ditch cleaning	Estrutural	before onset of rain/anually
9.	Bench terraces repairing	Estrutural	before onset of rain/when necessary
10.	Water channel cleaning/repairing	Estrutural	dry period/seasonally
11.	grass cutting for stall feedinf	Gestão	rainy season / at maturity stage
12.	gapping	Gestão	rainy season / seasonally

4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Labour	ha	1,0	98,0	98,0	100,0
Equipamento	Animal traction	ha	1,0	72,3	72,3	100,0
Material vegetal	Seeds	ha	1,0	67,3	67,3	100,0
Material vegetal	Seedlings	ha	1,0	55,7	55,7	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Fertilizer	ha	1,0	44,2	44,2	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Biocides	ha	1,0	21,5	21,5	100,0
Material de construção	Earth	ha	1,0	244,0	244,0	100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					603,0

Comentários:

Machinery/ tools: oxplough, oxcart, hoe, sprayer, shovel, wheelbarrow

The above costs were calculated in cost per qm

4.8 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

Factors affecting the costs include hard ground at SWC peak period, labour, slope, catchment area, channel size and source of income

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a topografia:

Altitudinal zone: about 1000 m a.s.l. average

Landforms: Footslopes 8-16% slope and valley floors 2-8% slope

Slopes on average: Moderate = 6.5 % and rolling = 12 %

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Soil depth on average: shallow = 35 cm average and moderately deep = 65 cm average

Soil texture: Coarse/light = degradable/erodable and medium is common in the division

Soil fertility is medium in newly opened lands but fertility depletes quickly and is therefore also low.

Topsoil organic matter is medium on newly opened land and low after several years of cultivation.

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium with regular improvement, but there is also top soil crusting and therefore drainage becomes poor,

Soil water storage capacity is low during long duration of rainfall intervals and medium (effectiveness not realistic).

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 3% - 4%

20% of the land users are rich and own 20% of the land (prestige).
35% of the land users are average wealthy and own 30% of the land (improved living standard).
25% of the land users are poor and own 20% of the land (for subsistance).

Off-farm income specification: Most of youth seek for off-farm employment. Others due to lack of employment engage on trading as small holders.

Level of mechanization: Around 75 % use animal traction and manual labour is especially used for weeding

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Indivíduo, não intitulado
• Indivíduo, intitulado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Indivíduo

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• 1-10%

Se disponível, determine a quantidade (número de unidades familiares e/ou área abordada):

630 household covered an area of 9%

Entre todos aqueles que adotaram a tecnologia, quantos adotaram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo material/pagamentos?

• 90-100%

Comentários:

630 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Pressure on daily personal needs. No other sources of income yet the rainfall is not reliable in ASALS.

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
induces the technique of implementation How can they be sustained / enhanced? land users be aquidance with the technology and its importance.
land users acquires more grass for stall feeding. How can they be sustained / enhanced? introduction of intensive grazing system.
reduces floods of heavy storms downsteram. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Proper tillage to curb soil crusting and hardban.

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do compilador ou de outra pessoa capacitada
water harvest increases farm production and reduces risks of crop failure. How can they be sustained / enhanced? To stabilize SWC structure embankments, desilt channels and retention ditches.
Improvement in infiltration rate and moisture holding capacity. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Use of manure, organic matter, inorganic fertlizer and appropriate tillage.
Reduces soil, fertility, runoff and overland flow losses How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maximum adaptability of the SWC technology to ustain high production level.
Enhanced vegetative cover for moisture retention. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Intercropping, mulching and repairing where needed.
Reduces erosion by wind and other land degradation. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Appropriate stocking rate andd replanting trees and grass.

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
consumes a lot of time to implement the technology	the land user awareness of the importance of the activity.
Technology area resists a direct grazing	to mitiate stall feeding
the technology design is beyond the farmers knowledge.	continuous interaction with SWC specialists.

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do compilador ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
Land area reduced by SWC structures constructed.	Use of certified seeds, manure and fertilizer.
soil fertility is interfered with.	more manure and organic matter use.
High labour cost requirement to implement the technology.	Introduced source of smooth loan and policy for ASALS.
Risk of water logging where soil drainage is unaimable.	acquired knowledge of different soil types and applicable technology and system.
cost-benefit return can last long to be realized.	to maintain record for both, implementing cost and income from the given area (SWC area)

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

SWC manual for Kenya by D:B: Thomas. 1997.

Disponível de onde? Custos?

Mard Kenya, free

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

SWC technology Dev. in ASAL by Kithinji Mutunga

Disponível de onde? Custos?

SWC branch, free

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

SC in Kenya, Carl G.Wenner. 1984.

Disponível de onde? Custos?

Aici, free

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

ony superb DXE-180 video

Disponível de onde? Custos?

Mard Kenya, free

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

The sun will still rise

Disponível de onde? Custos?

Mard Kenya, free

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Run off a friend or a foe

Disponível de onde? Custos?

Mard Kenya, free