1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (MoA) - Kenya

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

21/04/2003

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Water harvest for agricultural production in Asals

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

Water harvest enhances extra moisture and reduces risk of crop failure. It can either be external or internal. The activities also reduce runoff/overland flow and soil loss.
Manure and fertilizer improve soil water holding capacity and soil properties.
Appropriate tillage for improvement of infiltration rate of the soil.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a moins de 10 ans (récemment)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

ministry of agriculture and rural development, soil and water conservation branch Nairobi, Kenya

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Topsoil losses, creation of hardban, soil surface crusting and fertility decline are major problems in areas without SWC.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Yield decline and poor quality produce are problems in areas without SWC.

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: mixed land use type

Mixed: (eg agro-pastoralism, silvo-pastoralism): practiced by few

Other grazingland: semi-intensive grazing: semi-intensive grazing

Grazingland comments: Area closure can not be substituted, stall feeding materials not available. The family leader owns the stock but could fail to meet family needs if the system is not commercialized.

Selective felling of (semi-) natural forests: fuelwood purpose

Clear felling of (semi-)natural forests: for agricultural production

Problems / comments regarding forest use: Some uncontrolled grazing/browsing rather critical tp forest establoshment. Gapping can last long due to rainfall long intervals

Forest products and services: fuelwood, fruits and nuts

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: maize as major crop, followed by tubbers and legumes.

Type of grazing system comments: Area closure can not be substituted, stall feeding materials not available. The family leader owns the stock but could fail to meet family needs if the system is not commercialized.

Constraints of astructure network (roads, railways, pipe lines, power lines): roadside runoff enhances runoff Farming. Isolated trees preserved by traders in Mkt-centres

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• pluvial

Nombre de période de croissance par an: :

• 2

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 106 Longest growing period from month to month: Mar - Jun Second longest growing period in days: 71 Second longest growing period from month to month: Oct - Dec

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• récupération/ collecte de l'eau

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Commentaires:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 45 m2.

Target-area 485 km^2 inhabited by 6550 farm families and population dynamic 46075.

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main measures: structural measures

Secondary measures: agronomic measures, vegetative measures

Type of agronomic measures: relay cropping, manure / compost / residues, breaking compacted topsoil

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour, scattered / dispersed, in blocks

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main type of degradation addressed: Pk: sealing and crusting

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• prévenir la dégradation des terres

Commentaires:

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation, rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

technical drawing catchment to cultural area ratio: 3:1 - 5:1 Horizontal interval constant

Makueni district

Date: 22.11.2002

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: high

Main technical functions: water harvesting / increase water supply

Secondary technical functions: increase / maintain water stored in soil, increase in soil fertility

Relay cropping
Material/ species: improved mango trees
Quantity/ density: 124
Remarks: 9 m^2

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: FYM/compost
Quantity/ density: 12.5 t/ha

Breaking compacted topsoil
Remarks: appropriate tillage

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: G : grass
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1.2
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.6x0.3
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 15
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1.5

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 40

In blocks
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 124
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 9
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 9x9
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 9

Trees/ shrubs species: Cacia scamea, Accacia albida

Fruit trees / shrubs species: mango, citrus, pawpaw

Grass species: ceuchrus cuharis, erayroster superba

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 8.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 0.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 0.20%

Retention/infiltration ditch/pit, sediment/sand trap
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1.2
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.6
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1.2
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 100
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.45
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1.5

Terrace: bench level
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1.2
Spacing between structures (m): 15
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.6
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 100
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.45

Construction material (earth): earth moving for SWC embankment construction

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 8%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0.2%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Change of land use type: stock holding capacity of land

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Indiquez la monnaie utilisée pour le calcul des coûts:

• dollars US

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	grass planting on embankments	Végétale	after onset of rain
2.	fruits seedling transplanting	Végétale	october rain
3.	dispersed tree seedlings transplanting	Végétale	october rain
4.	retention/infiltration ditches	Structurel	after crop harvest
5.	Bench terraces	Structurel	after crop harvest
6.	external water harvest channels	Structurel	before raining season
7.	structure stabilization	Structurel	onset of rain
8.	manure/fertilizer application	Structurel	after crop harvest
9.	Bush clearing	Modes de gestion	after grazing
10.	reseeding/grass planting in bare parches	Modes de gestion	dry season
11.	fodder establishment	Modes de gestion	rainy season
12.	removal of unwanted shrubs	Modes de gestion	following rotational sequence

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% du coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Labour	ha	1,0	296,0	296,0	100,0
Equipements	Machine use	ha	1,0	32,5	32,5	100,0
Equipements	Animal traction	ha	1,0	72,3	72,3	100,0
Equipements	Tools	ha	1,0	385,0	385,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Seeds	ha	1,0	76,3	76,3	100,0
Matériel végétal	Seedligs	ha	1,0	79,5	79,5	100,0
Engrais et biocides	Fertilizer	ha	1,0	58,0	58,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	Biocides	ha	1,0	47,4	47,4	100,0
Engrais et biocides	Compost/manure	ha	1,0	78,0	78,0	100,0
Matériaux de construction	Stone	ha	1,0	244,0	244,0	100,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					1369,0

Commentaires:

Duration of establishment phase: 36 month(s)

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	tillaging	Agronomique	before rain / annually
2.	tillaging	Agronomique	on set / seasonally
3.	manure application	Agronomique	dry season / annually
4.	grass cutting and gapping	Végétale	onset of rain /twice per season
5.	prunning and trimming	Végétale	after every harvest /annual
6.	pollading and copsing	Végétale	when intended /after several years
7.	retention/infiltration	Structurel	before onset of rain/seasonally
8.	ditch cleaning	Structurel	before onset of rain/anually
9.	Bench terraces repairing	Structurel	before onset of rain/when necessary
10.	Water channel cleaning/repairing	Structurel	dry period/seasonally
11.	grass cutting for stall feedinf	Modes de gestion	rainy season / at maturity stage
12.	gapping	Modes de gestion	rainy season / seasonally

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% du coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Labour	ha	1,0	98,0	98,0	100,0
Equipements	Animal traction	ha	1,0	72,3	72,3	100,0
Matériel végétal	Seeds	ha	1,0	67,3	67,3	100,0
Matériel végétal	Seedlings	ha	1,0	55,7	55,7	100,0
Engrais et biocides	Fertilizer	ha	1,0	44,2	44,2	100,0
Engrais et biocides	Biocides	ha	1,0	21,5	21,5	100,0
Matériaux de construction	Earth	ha	1,0	244,0	244,0	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					603,0

Commentaires:

Machinery/ tools: oxplough, oxcart, hoe, sprayer, shovel, wheelbarrow

The above costs were calculated in cost per qm

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

Factors affecting the costs include hard ground at SWC peak period, labour, slope, catchment area, channel size and source of income

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

Altitudinal zone: about 1000 m a.s.l. average

Landforms: Footslopes 8-16% slope and valley floors 2-8% slope

Slopes on average: Moderate = 6.5 % and rolling = 12 %

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil depth on average: shallow = 35 cm average and moderately deep = 65 cm average

Soil texture: Coarse/light = degradable/erodable and medium is common in the division

Soil fertility is medium in newly opened lands but fertility depletes quickly and is therefore also low.

Topsoil organic matter is medium on newly opened land and low after several years of cultivation.

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium with regular improvement, but there is also top soil crusting and therefore drainage becomes poor,

Soil water storage capacity is low during long duration of rainfall intervals and medium (effectiveness not realistic).

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 3% - 4%

20% of the land users are rich and own 20% of the land (prestige).
35% of the land users are average wealthy and own 30% of the land (improved living standard).
25% of the land users are poor and own 20% of the land (for subsistance).

Off-farm income specification: Most of youth seek for off-farm employment. Others due to lack of employment engage on trading as small holders.

Level of mechanization: Around 75 % use animal traction and manual labour is especially used for weeding

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• individu, sans titre de propriété
• individu, avec titre de propriété

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• individuel

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• 1-10%

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

630 household covered an area of 9%

Parmi tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle ou aucun paiement?

• 90-100%

Commentaires:

630 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Pressure on daily personal needs. No other sources of income yet the rainfall is not reliable in ASALS.

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
induces the technique of implementation How can they be sustained / enhanced? land users be aquidance with the technology and its importance.
land users acquires more grass for stall feeding. How can they be sustained / enhanced? introduction of intensive grazing system.
reduces floods of heavy storms downsteram. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Proper tillage to curb soil crusting and hardban.

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
water harvest increases farm production and reduces risks of crop failure. How can they be sustained / enhanced? To stabilize SWC structure embankments, desilt channels and retention ditches.
Improvement in infiltration rate and moisture holding capacity. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Use of manure, organic matter, inorganic fertlizer and appropriate tillage.
Reduces soil, fertility, runoff and overland flow losses How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maximum adaptability of the SWC technology to ustain high production level.
Enhanced vegetative cover for moisture retention. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Intercropping, mulching and repairing where needed.
Reduces erosion by wind and other land degradation. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Appropriate stocking rate andd replanting trees and grass.

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
consumes a lot of time to implement the technology	the land user awareness of the importance of the activity.
Technology area resists a direct grazing	to mitiate stall feeding
the technology design is beyond the farmers knowledge.	continuous interaction with SWC specialists.

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Land area reduced by SWC structures constructed.	Use of certified seeds, manure and fertilizer.
soil fertility is interfered with.	more manure and organic matter use.
High labour cost requirement to implement the technology.	Introduced source of smooth loan and policy for ASALS.
Risk of water logging where soil drainage is unaimable.	acquired knowledge of different soil types and applicable technology and system.
cost-benefit return can last long to be realized.	to maintain record for both, implementing cost and income from the given area (SWC area)

7.2 Références des publications disponibles

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

SWC manual for Kenya by D:B: Thomas. 1997.

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

Mard Kenya, free

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

SWC technology Dev. in ASAL by Kithinji Mutunga

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

SWC branch, free

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

SC in Kenya, Carl G.Wenner. 1984.

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

Aici, free

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

ony superb DXE-180 video

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

Mard Kenya, free

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

The sun will still rise

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

Mard Kenya, free

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Run off a friend or a foe

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

Mard Kenya, free