1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

No

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Technical recommendations for blackberry (Rubus glaucus) crop improvement are presented, based on fertilizer scheduling, taking into account the nutritional requirements during all phenological stages (vegetative, reproductive, and productive).

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

In Colombia, blackberry is a very widespread crop. It is grown in 18 of the 32 administrative departments. Moreover, it involves around 30,000 families, generating direct and indirect jobs for the communities. Due to its phenological characteristics, blackberry cultivation has the advantage of ensuring stable employment in the regions where it is produced, creating rural jobs, and reducing emigration to cities (Escobar-Torres, 2014). It is estimated that 85% of blackberry production in the country is on peasant farms and the remaining 15% is grown by commercial medium-size producers (Tobasura and Ospina-Parra, 2011), where the predominant planting material is the Castille blackberry (Rubus glaucus). Between 2015 and 2019, the area planted with blackberries in Colombia increased by 3%, reaching about 15,500 ha, and its production increased by 28% (SIOC, 2020). However, the average yield of the blackberry in the departments of Cundinamarca and Boyacá was only 6.6 and 9.4 ton/ha (EVA, 2018), values that contrast with the 28 ton/ha productive potential of the species established by Cardona and Bolaños (2019).

The technical recommendations presented here are in keeping with SLM, being based on good agricultural practices including weed management, application of compost, biofertilizers, and the rational use of chemical fertilizers. Fertilizers – nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium as well as calcium are applied in carefully calculated amounts at three stages of the crop: vegetative, reproductive, and productive.

Yields of 28 t/ha can be achieved through the use of those practices. However, this high level of production requires soil analysis and the availability of fertilizers that supply the soil with macro and micronutrients. The implementation of this technology generates higher income for the producers and sustains the soil through the correct application of nutrients. Finally, it is important to mention that this technology reduces the proportion of costs associated with fertilization, as the amount of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5), potassium (K2O), and calcium (CaO) applied to the soil was reduced.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

Country:

Colombia

Region/ State/ Province:

Antioquia, Caldas, Quindío, Risaralda, Valle del Cauca, Santander, Norte de Santander, Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Huila, Nariño, Putumayo.

Further specification of location:

Guarne Aguadas Córdoba Apía Ginebra Piedecuesta Ragonvalia Arcabuco San Bernardo, Silvania, Pasca El Colegio Garzón Cumbal Santiago

Specify the spread of the Technology:

• applied at specific points/ concentrated on a small area

Is/are the technology site(s) located in a permanently protected area?

No

Map

×

2.6 Date of implementation

Indicate year of implementation:

2018

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• during experiments/ research

Comments (type of project, etc.):

Para la estimación de los requerimientos nutricionales del cultivo de mora, se establecieron diseños de tratamientos compuesto central ortogonal es un arreglo de bloques completos al azar en invernadero y campo.

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• improve production
• reduce, prevent, restore land degradation

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Land use mixed within the same land unit:

No

Cropland

• Annual cropping

• Mora

Number of growing seasons per year:

• 1

Is intercropping practiced?

No

Is crop rotation practiced?

No

3.3 Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

• No (Continue with question 3.4)

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• rainfed

Comments:

Los cultivos de mora en Colombia se establecen sobre la cordillera de los andes, las cual presenta una distribución de lluvias bimodal, no requiriéndose suministro de agua para riego bajo condiciones climáticas normales.

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• integrated soil fertility management

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

agronomic measures

• A2: Organic matter/ soil fertility

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

chemical soil deterioration

• Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content (not caused by erosion)

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• prevent land degradation

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:

• per Technology area

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

3553.0

4.3 Establishment activities

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

If you are unable to break down the costs in the table above, give an estimation of the total costs of establishing the Technology:

27892722.0

Comments:

En el cuadro se presentan algunos costos. Sin embargo, hay más costos
Los costos ajustados para 2020 y según los requerimientos de BPA para obtener un rendimiento anual (a partir del segundo año) equivalente a 28 t/ha fueron de $ 27.892.722 para el año de establecimiento

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

If you are unable to break down the costs in the table above, give an estimation of the total costs of maintaining the Technology:

15188477.0

Comments:

para el sostenimiento anual del cultivo de mora de Castilla con espinas

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Es importante mencionar que esta tecnología permite disminuir el porcentaje de costos asociados a la práctica de fertilización y el aumento de los costos totales mediante su uso, se debe a la implementación de BPA en el cultivo.

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:

• not relevant

5.3 Soils

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

La mayoría de los suelos donde tradicionalmente se siembra la mora, presentan valores de pH ácidos (inferiores a 5,5), indicando problemas de toxicidad por aluminio y baja solubilidad de las bases intercambiables. Lo anterior indica la necesidad de hacer un proceso de encalado previo a la siembra. Igualmente, los suelos cultivados con mora en el departamento de Cundinamarca presentan valores bajos de capacidad de intercambio catiónico, debido principalmente a un bajo contenido de bases intercambiables, y las relaciones catiónicas desbalanceadas evidencian una baja concentración de magnesio en comparación con calcio y potasio.
Es importante resaltar que, la deficiencia de azufre en suelos cultivados de la franja tropical de Latinoamérica supera el 50 % (Lora & Gómez, 1982). Por su parte, en los suelos derivados de cenizas volcánicas de Colombia se reportan deficiencias de azufre superiores al 93 % (Lora, 1992). Estos valores han sido generalmente asociados a: bajos porcentajes de materia orgánica (Valencia, 1992), pérdida por erosión del suelo (Malavolta & Paulino, 1987), lixiviación de sulfatos en zonas donde se presentan altos valores de precipitación y la extracción que hacen las plantas cultivadas (Burbano, 2001). Se debe considerar que, los departamentos con las mayores áreas sembradas en mora presentan suelos derivados de cenizas volcánicas. Por su parte, la mayoría de los suelos agrícolas de Colombia poseen condiciones ácidas con concentraciones de magnesio soluble consideradas deficientes para los cultivos. Igualmente, se encuentran suelos con valores muy amplios en la relación Ca/Mg, o con relaciones invertidas (Estrada & Guerrero, 1985).
El conocimiento de la fertilidad actual de los suelos sembrados tradicionalmente con mora permite ajustar las recomendaciones generales de fertilización (donde usualmente se usan fuentes compuestas por nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio); siendo necesario incluir fuentes que contengan magnesio y azufre, dos macronutrientes deficientes en gran parte de los suelos de la zona andina colombiana (Estrada & Guerrero, 1985; Lora, 1992).

5.4 Water availability and quality

Is water salinity a problem?

No

Is flooding of the area occurring?

No

Comments and further specifications on water quality and quantity:

Las fuentes de agua provienen de la lluvia natural, ríos cercanos, tanques de almacenamiento de agua o acueductos veredales.

5.5 Biodiversity

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• individual, not titled
• individual, titled

Land use rights:

• individual

Water use rights:

• open access (unorganized)
• individual

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Income and costs

Ecological impacts

Soil

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

Comments:

El 9,4 % de los costos están relacionados con el rubro de fertilización integrada durante el establecimiento y 16,3 % corresponde a la fertilización en sostenimiento. Por su parte, sin el uso de la tecnología bajo un enfoque de BPA, se logra obtener un rendimiento anual de 10,4 t/ha con unos costos de producción de $ 9.240.718 para el establecimiento y $ 23 963 162 para el sostenimiento del cultivo. Por su parte, de estos costos del cultivo tradicional de mora, 13,6 % corresponden a la etapa de establecimiento y 27,4 % a la fase de sostenimiento. Se puede obtener una relación beneficio/costo de 2,6

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• single cases/ experimental

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 0-10%

6.6 Adaptation

Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?

No

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Cardona, W. A., Bolaños, M. M. (2019). Manual de nutrición del cultivo de mora de Castilla (Rubus glaucus Benth.) bajo un esquema de buenas prácticas en fertilización integrada. Mosquera, (Colombia): AGROSAVIA. 90 p.

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Bolaños-Benavides, M. M., Cardona, W. A., Ramírez, W. L., Arguelles, J. H. (2014). Requerimientos Nutricionales (N, P, K y Ca) de Rubus glaucus B., durante crecimiento vegetativo. Memorias XX Congreso Latinoamericano y XVI Congreso Peruano de la Ciencia del Suelo. Cuzco, Perú.

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Cardona, W. A. (2017). Requerimientos nutricionales (nitrógeno, fósforo, potasio y calcio) en etapa vegetativa y reproductiva de un cultivo de mora (Rubus glaucus Benth.), ubicado en el municipio de Silvania (Cundinamarca). Tesis como requisito parcial para obtener el título de Máster en Ciencias Agrarias. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia. Tesis Meritoria.

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Cardona, W.A., Monsalve C., O.I., Gutiérrez D., J.S., Bolaños-Benavides, M. M. (2016). Efecto de N, P, K y Ca sobre crecimiento de mora con tunas en vivero. Memorias XVIII Congreso Colombiano de la Ciencia del Suelo. Villa de Leyva, Colombia.

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Bautista M., L. G. (2017). Evaluación del efecto de cuatro nutrientes en la severidad de antracnosis causada por Colletotrichum gloeosporioides CEPA 52 en mora (Rubus glaucus, Benth.) bajo condiciones de invernadero. Maestría tesis, Universidad Nacional de Colombia – Sede Bogotá.

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Gutiérrez D., J. S. (2017). Evaluación del efecto de dosis de N, P, K y Ca sobre las propiedades químicas del suelo y la productividad de un cultivo de mora (Rubus glaucus Benth.). Maestría tesis, Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá.

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Cardona, W., Galindo, J., Bolaños, M., Ramírez, M. (2018). Growth response surface for optimizing fertilization in Andean blackberry (Rubus glaucus Benth.) nurseries. Agronomía Colombiana, 36(2), 135-142. https://dx.doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v36n2.70274

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Monroy-Cárdenas, D.M., Cardona, W.A., García-Muñoz, M.C., Bolaños-Benavides, M.M. (2019). Relationship between variable doses of N, P, K and Ca and the physicochemical and proximal characteristics of andean blackberry (Rubus glaucus Benth.). Scientia Horticulturae, 256, p.108528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.05.055.

7.3 Links to relevant online information

Title/ description:

http://unradio.unal.edu.co/nc/detalle/cat/respuestas-por-escrito/article/requerimientos-nutricionales-del-cultivo-de-la-mora.html