技术

Terracing in Watershed [阿富汗]

Kordak dar Abriza

technologies_1732 - 阿富汗

完整性: 82%

1. 一般信息

1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

关键资源人

SLM专业人员:
SLM专业人员:
SLM专业人员:

Fuleki Blanka

Helvetas

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
HELVETAS (Swiss Intercooperation)

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

1.5 参考关于SLM方法(使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法)的调查问卷

Resilient Watershed Management Plan
approaches

Resilient Watershed Management Plan [塔吉克斯坦]

The participatory watershed management plan (WMP) is an interdisciplinary approach at community level to raise awareness on the watershed management concept and improve understanding of the watershed approach in planning and management of natural resource.

  • 编制者: Askarsho Zevarshoev

2. SLM技术的说明

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Reshaping unproductive land into a series of levelled, gently-sloping platforms creates conditions suitable for cultivation and prevents accelerated erosion.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The terracing in watershed fact-sheet is documented by Sustainable Land Management Project/HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation which is funded by Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC).
Due to the enduring conflict and to the breakdown of common-pool resources management in upper catchments areas over the past decades, most pastures in Afghanistan are degraded.
Uncontrolled grazing of animals tilling grazing land to grow cereal crops are the main contributors to the loss of vegetation coverage in the upper catchments. One of the negative consequences is repeated flash floods each year causing loss and damage of agriculture lands, gardens, road, canal, infrastructure, houses and even lives. To decrease the severity of flash floods and extend vegetation in upper catchment areas, HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation in Saighan district has established watershed activities.

Purpose of the Technology: Terrace construction was identified as an effective measure in degraded watershed areas to:
•control runoff and decrease flash flood;
•increase water infiltration;
•create the opportunity for income from cultivation of valuable crops in the terraces.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Having selected the watersheds and established watershed committees, watershed master plans were prepared and various structural and agronomical measures identified and estimated for each unit of land. Community laborers, trained by HELVETAS technical staff, constructed the terraces under supervision of watershed committee members. 600 terraces, each measuring 10 m x 3.6 m were constructed on seven hectares of land. To ensure maintenance, HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation facilitated the creation of community saving systems and invested 10% of the project budget for maintenance of each watershed. It improved the capacity of watershed members, so after ending project support the community watershed committee would be able to manage maintenance of watershed measures.


Natural / human environment: Bamyan province is a remote province of Afghanistan with a high poverty rate. It has a semi-arid climate with cold winters and hot and dry summers. During winter, temperatures can drop below -22 degrees. Summer temperatures can reach 34 degrees in the month of July. The average annual rainfall in the area is about 230mm and some years can be very dry. 90% of the population relies on subsistence agriculture for their livelihoods and off-farm activities are marginal. The soil texture is clay, sandy loam and clay loam with moderate type of soil fertility, naked area of upper catchments causes that most of Saighan villages face to water scarcity during May to September and can’t grow valuable crops.The growing season in Saighan district is relatively short from April to October and farmers can produce only one crop per year. Farmers with access to irrigation water cultivate cash crops, for example potato and vegetables, in addition to staple crops (wheat) and fodder crops.Those without access to irrigation water cultivate wheat and fodder crops only. Water scarcity during May to September may result in a lack of high value crops.
The average annual income from one hectare in the area of having enough irrigation water is 250000 AFN (3676 USD) and in the area which has no enough irrigation water is 67500 AFN (992 USD).

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

阿富汗

区域/州/省:

Bamyan

有关地点的进一步说明:

Saighan

具体说明该技术的分布:
  • 均匀地分布在一个区域
如果不知道精确的区域,请注明大致覆盖的区域:
  • 1-10 平方千米

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份,请说明大概的日期:
  • 不到10年前(最近)

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:
  • 通过项目/外部干预
注释(项目类型等):

Since 2010

3. SLM技术的分类

3.1 该技术的主要目的

  • 改良生产
  • 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
  • 降低灾害风险

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

农田

农田

  • 多年一作(非木材)
每年的生长季节数:
  • 1
具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 120; Longest growing period from month to month: March to July

牧场

牧场

粗放式放牧:
  • 游牧
注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Harvest of shrubs and over grazing for over 20 years resulted in the lost vegetation cover. Top soil erosion is severe and gullies are visible.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Due to the lack of alternatives for fuel and lack of opportunities for income during decades war, people were compelled to use the natural resources in the upper catchment areas.

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Cropland: Cp: Perennial (non-woody) cropping

Number of growing seasons per year: 1
Longest growing period in days: 120; Longest growing period from month to month: March to July
Livestock density: 10-25 LU /km2

3.3 由于技术的实施,土地使用是否发生了变化?

由于技术的实施,土地使用是否发生了变化?:
  • 是(请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题)
牧场

牧场

  • Extensive grazing
水道、水体、湿地

水道、水体、湿地

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:
  • 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

  • 横坡措施

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

结构措施

结构措施

  • S1:阶地

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

土壤水蚀

土壤水蚀

  • Wt:表土流失/地表侵蚀
注释:

Main causes of degradation: crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Shrub cutting), overgrazing (Over grazing and no management), droughts (3 years drought), population pressure, war and conflicts (3 decades of civil war)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:
  • 修复/恢复严重退化的土地
注释:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4. 技术规范、实施活动、投入和成本

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

技术规范(与技术图纸相关):

Technical drawing of a terrace built in the watershed for the mean of vegetation.
Almost all the terraces constructed on the hill sides has 10 m length, 3.5 m width and 1.5 m depth.

Location: Saighan. Bamyan

Date: 19/04/2016

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high (In order to design well)

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length, improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Terrace: forward sloping
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1.8
Spacing between structures (m): 0.5
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.3
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 3.6
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 10

Construction material (earth): Excuvation of soil and leveling

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 15-30%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 0%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

Specification of dams/ pans/ ponds: Capacity 36m3

Catchment area: 36m2

作者:

Shabir Shahem, HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation, Afghanistan

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本计算所用货币:
  • 美元
注明雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:

5.88

4.3 技术建立活动

活动 时间(季度)
1. Labor cost for the construction of the terraces 1 month

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Labor cost for the construction of the terraces persons/day 1200.0 5.88 7056.0 10.0
技术建立所需总成本 7056.0
技术建立总成本,美元 7056.0

4.5 维护/经常性活动

活动 时间/频率
1. Repairing of few terraces after heavy rain falls 3 times a year

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入(每年)

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Repairing of few terraces persons/day 6.0 5.833333 35.0 100.0
技术维护所需总成本 35.0
技术维护总成本,美元 35.0

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Labor cost is the determinate factors which was affecting the costs.

5. 自然和人文环境

5.1 气候

年降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
农业气候带
  • 半干旱

Thermal climate class: temperate

5.2 地形

平均坡度:
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形:
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
垂直分布带:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.

5.3 土壤

平均土层深度:
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土):
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
表土有机质:
  • 中(1-3%)
如有可能,附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息,例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility is low

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium

Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

地下水位表:

5-50米

地表水的可用性:

匮乏/没有

水质(未处理):

仅供农业使用(灌溉)

5.5 生物多样性

物种多样性:

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

生产系统的市场定位:
  • 混合(生计/商业)
非农收入:
  • 收入的10-50%
个人或集体:
  • 团体/社区
性别:
  • 男人
说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: The culture doesn't allowed women to work as labor for construction works

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 0.5% - 1%

Relative level of wealth: rich, average, poor

10% of the land users are rich (Households who have land and livestock).
35% of the land users are average wealthy (Households who have land only).
45% of the land users are poor (Howseholds who have less or not land).

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
这被认为是小规模、中规模还是大规模的(参照当地实际情况)?:
  • 大规模的

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:
  • 社区/村庄
土地使用权:
  • 社区(有组织)
用水权:
  • 社区(有组织)

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

健康:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
教育:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
技术援助:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
就业(例如非农):
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
市场:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
能源:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
道路和交通:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
饮用水和卫生设施:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
金融服务:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的

6. 影响和结论性说明

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

作物生产

降低
增加
SLM之前的数量:

60

SLM之后的数量:

80

注释/具体说明:

Technology reduce flood and lower lands doesnt effect by floods

水资源可用性和质量

灌溉用水的可用性

降低
增加
SLM之前的数量:

20

SLM之后的数量:

25

注释/具体说明:

Increasing under ground water by applying technology

收入和成本

农业收入

降低
增加
SLM之前的数量:

0

SLM之后的数量:

50

注释/具体说明:

Cultivation of cash crop in the terraces (farm income from uplands)

社会文化影响

食品安全/自给自足

减少
改良

SLM/土地退化知识

减少
改良

冲突缓解

恶化
改良

社会经济弱势群体的情况

恶化
改良

livelihood and human well-being

reduced
improved
注释/具体说明:

The technology has effective role on reducing flash flood and as well through cultivation of valuable crops the community get more income from watershed area

生态影响

水循环/径流

水的回收/收集

减少
改良

地表径流

增加
降低
SLM之前的数量:

0

SLM之后的数量:

100

注释/具体说明:

Leveled terraces infilter the water

地下水位/含水层

下降
补水
土壤

土壤水分

降低
增加
SLM之前的数量:

0

SLM之后的数量:

50

注释/具体说明:

Technology let the water infilteration more

土壤覆盖层

减少
改良

土壤流失

增加
降低

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

水资源可用性

降低
增加

下游洪水

增加
减少
SLM之前的数量:

0

SLM之后的数量:

50

注释/具体说明:

Control runoff

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性(土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害)

渐变气候

渐变气候
季节 增加或减少 该技术是如何应对的?
年温度 增加

气候有关的极端情况(灾害)

气象灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
局地暴雨 不好
气候灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
干旱
水文灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
比较和缓的(河道)洪水 不好
注释:

The annual rainfall should be considered according to the slope of the area while designing terrace.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

稍微积极

长期回报:

非常积极

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

非常积极

长期回报:

非常积极

注释:

The establishment cost of this technology seems to be high but once they are built they need very less maintenance cost with lots of benefits in the other hand.

6.5 技术采用

  • > 50%
如若可行,进行量化(住户数量和/或覆盖面积):

444 households covering 100 percent of the stated area

在所有采用这项技术的人当中,有多少人是自发的,即未获得任何物质奖励/付款?:
  • 0-10%
注释:

444 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Construction of terraces in the watershed requires lots of investment costs.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Good measure that is easy to be applied by the people.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Conducting training and workshops for capacity building of the community members.
The application of this technology results to the control of runoff and reduction of the flash flood.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? More vegetative measures should be considered.
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
A good technology for the better control of runoff and keeping the moisture.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Cultivation and sustainable maintenance of the plants in the terraces.
Preparing and providing a good and proper place for cultivation and plantation.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Plantation of the local plants which has more resistance and are adaptable to the natural environment of Saighan district.
Getting more income through cultivation of valuable crops.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Protection of cultivated seed from grazing animals

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
Requires high investment and financial cost. People should as well have contribution in the cost by providing the labor work.
In case the technical measures are not considered and applied properly it may increase infiltration and subsequently increases the soil moisture which may trigger landslide on slopes during rainfalls High level of the technical staff and knowledge to be considered and as well the area should be studied and observed deeply.

7. 参考和链接

7.1 信息的方法/来源

模块