1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Strengthening of Livelihoods through Climate Change Adaptation in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit - Tajikistan (GIZ Tajikistan) - 塔吉克斯坦

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

1.5 参考关于SLM方法（使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法）的调查问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Flashfloods in riverbeds cause intensive riverbank erosion, which threatens villages, infrastructure and productive lands. Preventive measures combining "grey" (physical structures) and "green" (living trees) elements are more effective, sustainable and cost efficient than constructive measures only.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Villages at the northern slopes of the Turkestan range in Sughd region are often located at riverbanks. The amounts of water flowing in the river channels naturally varies much during the year. After intensive rainfall or snowmelt the water flow can suddenly increase manifold. These flashfloods carry huge amounts of debris and are therefore even more destructive. The combined effects of degradation of woodlands and rangelands in the upper catchments and the impact of climate change with accelerated snowmelt and higher frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall events have increased the risks of these debris flows. In several villages of Sughd region, especially in Spitamen and Devashtich districts, riverbank erosion during flashflood and debris flows increasingly threatened houses, infrastructure and productive lands.

GIZ in collaboration with the local branches of the Committee for Emergency Situations, district and sub-district authorities assisted local community in the implementation of riverbank protection measures. The design of the protective structure was specifically adapted to the local situation. For achieving immediately reliable protection structural measures (“grey”) included:
•Modification of river channels with excavators and bulldozers to redirect flows;
•Erection of dykes and spurs from large rocks along erosion prone riverbanks;
•Erection of lateral gabion walls along erosion prone riverbanks;
•Erection of gabion spurs, which concentrate the water flow in the center of the river channel and thus reduce the force of water and debris on riverbanks and lateral gabion walls.

In the long run “grey” measures tend to be damaged by flashfloods and debris flows. “Green” measures can enforce the protective structures and thus increase the sustainability, effectiveness and cost efficiency of structural measures. Willows are particularly suitable for erosion prevention in river channels as they grow fast, establish a large fixing root system in the riverbed, their wood is flexible and withstands intensive force and they well regenerate after damage. “Green” measures for reinforcing riverbank protection included:
•Planting of single willow saplings in rows immediately behind stone dykes;
•Planting of willows in form of one or several rows of three seedlings per spot, connected with cords to “tripods” to increase stability;
•Planting of willows in form of one or several rows of three seedlings per spot, connected with cords to “tripods” around a small gabion, which additionally increases the resistance of the planted willows against the forces of water and debris.

The works have been overseen by the GIZ engineer, GIZ also covered expenses for gabion nets and machinery, while willow branches and labor were provided by the communities.

After up to five years the riverbank protection is still functional at all sites and prevented damage from floods to lives and property. No substantial damage occurred to the erected structures despite several heavy flashflood and debris flow events at all sites. Most planted willows established well, have substantially grown and provide an increasingly effective protection. In few spots willows dried up, where washed out or damaged by livestock and replanting would be necessary to maintain the effectiveness of the riverbank protection. In the future the willows can be used as coppice wood with their large branches cut, providing new planting material for additional “green” protection measures, for construction and as fuel. Additionally the willows contribute to the local biodiversity by providing habitat for birds and other animals, improve the microclimate and improve the view of the villages and the landscape. The multiple benefits from the “green” measures are expected to motivate care by the villagers, in particular prevention of damage caused by livestock and insufficient water supply and replanting of lost trees.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2013

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

• on request of local Committee for Emergency Situations

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 降低灾害风险
• 减缓气候变化及其影响
• 创造有益的社会影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

注释:

River channel with seasonal/episodical flow. Willows partly supported with improvised irrigation.

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 减少基于生态系统的灾害风险

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

TJS

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

6.0

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Modification of river channel	Fall
2.	Erection of stone dykes and spurs	Fall
3.	Building of gabions	Fall
4.	Planting of willow trees, "tripods"	Fall

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Construction of tripod from a willow tree and gabion net	pieces	46.0
劳动力	Constrcution of gabion spurs	m³	381.0
劳动力	Laying down gabion net	m²	812.4
设备	Excavator	m³	1800.0
设备	Buldozer	m³	7040.0
植物材料	willow tree tripods	pieces	46.0
施工材料	Gabion net	m²	812.4
施工材料	Stones for gabions	m³	381.0

如果您无法分解上表中的成本，请估算建立该技术所需要的总成本。:

124690.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

GIZ: Transportation, procurement of materials (as specified) and lead worker fee: 87,940 TJS (13,224 EUR, 70 %); Community: Labour (manual works): 36,722 TJS (5,522 EUR; 30%)

注释:

This is an example from one area in Devashtich district. The costs are varying and depend on the specific local circumstances. The addition of "green" measures increases the required labour, but does not substantially increase the overall costs.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Prevention of damage to trees from livestock	Year round
2.	Improvised irrigation	During seasons of low water availability at the planting sites
3.	Closing of washed out places	After damage detected
4.	Replanting	Fall

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

注释:

Maintenance costs are low and can be covered by community contribution of labour.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 凹陷情况

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Mainly gravel and sand in riverbeds.

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

是

规律性:

偶然

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Planted trees increase the habitat for biodiversity.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

否

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

其它社会经济效应

生态影响

减少气候和灾害风险

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
山洪暴发	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 单例/实验

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

Disaster risk reduction measures require for their implementation external financial assistance.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

若是，说明它适应了哪些变化的条件:

• 气候变化/极端气候

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

Instead of planting single trees "tripods" are planted. The "tripods" are stabilized by small gabions.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Long term sustainability.
Low costs.
Low maintenance needs.
Additional benefits (greening, wood).

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Same as land-users' view.
Increases lifetime of structural measures. As gabions lose stability due to aging of the gabion nets, the tree "tripods" gain stabilizing features.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
None

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Trees can be damaged by livestock	Community members need to be motivated to prevent damage and to replace dry trees.
During the first years trees can dry up if not enough water is available	Community members need to be improvise irrigation when necessary and possible and should replace dry trees.

7.1 信息的方法/来源