1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

OPtimal strategies to retAIN and re-use water and nutrients in small agricultural catchments across different soil-climatic regions in Europe (OPTAIN)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

New approaches to the revitalization of main drainage facilities in relation to drainage systems in terms of water retention in the landscape (TH02030397)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Approaches for design and realization of complex effective measures for tile drained agricultural catchments by land consolidations (QK21010341)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation (VUMOP) - 捷克共和国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

1.5 参考关于SLM方法（使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法）的调查问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Grassing recharge zones of agricultural drainage systems significantly improves the quality of drainage water. It can be a useful, effective and relatively cheap measure for improvement of shallow groundwater quality.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Grassing of recharge zones of agricultural drainage systems significantly improves the quality of drainage water: it can be a useful, effective and relatively cheap measure. Grassing is an effective preventative strategy to prevent nitrogen pollution. Reduction of nitrate pollution by grassland occurs mainly through grassland’s ability to absorb and use large amounts of nitrogen compared with field crops, and this capacity remains effective for a longer period of the year. Permanent grasslands cover the soil year-round and have a large stock of active subsurface biomass in the root system, which can immobilize a significant amount of soil nitrogen. Moreover, grassland has a greater amount of active soil microbes than under field crops (Griffiths et al. 2008). Besides nitrogen remedial ability, grasslands offer other regulation and supporting ecosystem service (ES) benefits (Hönigová et al., 2012) – for example carbon sequestration, erosion prevention and water flow regulation. On the other hand, used too widely, grassland can be seen as a negative ES provider, in the sense that it reduces the area of crop production (Hauck et al., 2014). That is why it is recommended to limit the use of grassing so that it acts within relatively small areas focused on the catchment area. The effectiveness of grassing has been evaluated statistically, when Fučík et al. (2008) reported that an increase in grassed area of 10% can decrease the C90 (90% probability of non-exceedance) nitrate value in the waters of streams (small water courses) by 6.4 mg/l.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2006

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间
• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

Linking of the land use in the source areas to drainage water quality has been tested in several research projects since the first decade of the 21st Century. The methodology for defining source areas has been developed by the Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation for a long time. Nowadays this measure has become part of the Czech Ministry of Agriculture subsidy and farmers can use it themselves.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

EUR

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

0.92

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Vulnerable area delimitation	one year before establishment
2.	Obtaining the consent of the owners and users of the affected land	one year before establishment
3.	Grass sowing	after harvest of previous crops

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Work for delimitation	person - days	3.0	130.0	390.0
劳动力	Project and administration	person - days	4.0	150.0	600.0	90.0
劳动力	Manual work on the field	ha	5.0	30.0	150.0	90.0
设备	Machinery - sowing machine, chopper	ha	5.0	200.0	1000.0	89.0
设备	Fuel	ha	5.0	60.0	300.0	90.0
植物材料	Seeds	ha	5.0	40.0	200.0	90.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Feritilizers (mostly urea and pig slurry digestate)	ha	5.0	30.0	150.0	90.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Biocides (only the year of establishment)	ha	5.0	60.0	300.0	90.0
其它	Fixed costs	ha	5.0	180.0	900.0	90.0
技术建立所需总成本					3990.0
技术建立总成本，美元					4336.96

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Czech Ministry of Agriculture

注释:

The amount of agricultural subsidies in the Czech Republic is currently (2024) variable depending on the size of the farm. For a farm with an average size of 1500 ha, the subsidy is approximately EUR 160. For the conversion of arable land to permanent grassland in vulnerable areas, an additional subsidy of approximately EUR 310 per hectare is available from the Ministry of Agriculture.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	re-sowing	before vegetation season if needed
2.	harrowing	if needed once per season after re-sowing
3.	fertilising	once or twice per season
4.	harvesting	twice or three times per season

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Manual work on the field	ha	5.0	25.0	125.0	85.0
设备	Machinery - sowing machine, chopper, tractor	ha	5.0	200.0	1000.0	85.0
设备	Fuel	ha	5.0	60.0	300.0	85.0
植物材料	seeds	ha	5.0	20.0	100.0	85.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Feritilizers (mostly urea and pig slurry digestate)	ha	5.0	25.0	125.0	85.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Biocides (when needed)	ha	5.0	30.0	150.0	85.0
其它	Fixed costs	ha	5.0	150.0	750.0	85.0
技术维护所需总成本					2550.0
技术维护总成本，美元					2771.74

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Czech Ministry of Agriculture

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Fuel prices, level of subsidies

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

The substrate is formed by partially migmatized paragneiss in various degrees of degradation.
Quaternary sediments are represented by slope sands and loams reaching 1–2 m thickness. The representation of soils (according to the World Reference Base for Soil Resources
2006) is variable, with Gleyed Cambisols, Gleysols, and sporadically Histosols. In the recharge area, the soil cover is more homogenous, with prevailing Modal, Ranker and Arenic Cambisols.

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Water quality from agricultural drainage systems
(both tiles and ditches) has been discussed by the studies which draw attention to the reduced
quality of drainage waters caused by elevated concentrations of nutrients (N, P, C) and/or
pesticides.

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 公司
• 个人，未命名

土地使用权:

• 租赁
• 个人

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

否

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
季雨量	夏季	增加	好

注释:

Gradual climatic has been causing changes in precipitation distribution in course of year. In winter, the period with snow cover shortens and in summer, precipitation often takes the form of rapid and intense episodes. Permanent grassland will mitigate these rainfall extremes by its ability to slow down both surface and subsurface runoff and to increase water retention in agricultural catchments.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

From an economic point of view, the increase in the area of grasslands will clearly reduce the turnover of the agricultural entity. The fall in costs and income will also lead to a reduction in profits, which is partly offset by higher subsidies for permanent grasslands. However, the increase in dependence on subsidies is dangerous in terms of the long-term stability of the farming entity, as the amount and focus of subsidies can change from year to year. It is also important to note that the production of grass biomass only make sense if the farmer also runs livestock production or a biogas plant, taking into account the amount of grass that the farmer is able to process.

6.5 技术采用

• 单例/实验

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 91-100%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
A relatively low-cost measure in terms of finance and agricultural management

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
grassing focused to the proper catchment area (recharge zone) can be a useful, effective and relatively cheap measure for improvement of shallow groundwater quality, or optionally the quality of local drinking water sources
stabilise of catchment area with shallow soils - can lead to decrease in soil erosion.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Increasing areas of grasslands would lead to decrease of landscape productive service, farm turnover and profit and the bigger dependence on subsidies.	The grassing should be applied in small, precisely defined parts of the catchment, which are real recharge (infiltration) areas.
Possible sudden change in the subsidy system	It is necessary to consider the non-productive functions of grasslands also as public service, taking into account the saves in water cleaning costs and the price of increased water retention
Excess amout of grass or hay, especially for farms without livestock production	Balanced share of grasslands and arablale lands in cultivated field blocks, support for livestock production

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
An incorrectly defined source area will lead to ineffective measures	Careful preparation
Unwillingness of conservative companies and farmers to adopt this measure	Properly set up subsidy policy

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Kvítek, T.; Zajíček, A.; Dostál, T.; Fučík, P.; Krása, J.; Bauer, M.; Jáchymová, B.; Kulhavý, Z.; Pavel, M. Slowing Down Quick Runoff—A New Approach for the Delineation and Assessment of Critical Points, Contributing Areas, and Proposals of Measures to Reduce Non-Point Water Pollution from Agricultural Land. Water 2023, 15, 1247.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061247

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Zajíček, A., Hejduk, T., Sychra, L., Vybíral, T., Fučík, P. (2022): How to Select a Location and a Design of Measures on Land Drainage – A Case Study from the Czech Republic. Journal of Ecological Engineering 2022, 23(4), 43–57. ISSN 2299–8993.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/146270

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

ZAJÍČEK, A., FUČÍK, P., DUFFKOVÁ, R., MAXOVÁ, J. 2018. How does targeted grassing of arable land influence drainage water quality and farm economic indicators? Int. J. Environ. Impacts, 1(3): 344–352.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

DOI 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-344-352

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Fučík P., Zajíček A., Kaplická M., Duffková R., Peterková J., Maxová J., Takáčová Š. 2017. Incorporating rainfall-runoff events into nitrate-nitrogen and phosphorus load assessments for small tile-drained catchments. Water, 9, 712; (ISSN Print:2575-1867 ISSN Online: 2575-1875)

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

doi:10.3390/w9090712

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Janglová R., Kvítek T., Novák P. 2003. Soil infiltration capacity categorization based on geoinformatic processing of soil survey data. Soil and Water Scientific Studies, 2, 61–81.

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

ZAJÍČEK, A., SYCHRA, L., VYBÍRAL, T., HEJDUK, T., ČMELÍK, M., FUČÍK, P., KAPLICKÁ, M. 2021: Design of the Revitalization measures on the Main drainage facilities and hydrologically related Detailed drainage facilities (In Czech)

URL:

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34421.50403

7.4 一般注释

Grassing focused on the catchment area (recharge zone) can be a useful, effective and relatively cheap measure for improvement of shallow groundwater quality, or optionally the quality of local drinking water sources.