技术

Grassed waterways [挪威]

Grasdekte vannveier

technologies_6169 - 挪威

完整性: 94%

1. 一般信息

1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

关键资源人

SLM专业人员:
SLM专业人员:
SLM专业人员:
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称(如相关)
OPtimal strategies to retAIN and re-use water and nutrients in small agricultural catchments across different soil-climatic regions in Europe (OPTAIN)
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO) - 挪威

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题,导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术?:

1.5 参考关于SLM方法(使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法)的调查问卷

2. SLM技术的说明

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Grassed waterways are shallow channels (natural or constructed) with grass cover, used to drain surface runoff from cropland and prevent erosion.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

In this documentation we focus on the grassed waterways as a measure to carry surface water down the slope without causing soil erosion. The overland flow can be concentrated in topographic depressions, "thalwegs" in the field. Concentrated runoff in such watercourses can create small rills or even gullies. Vegetation/grass disrupt the water flow, but more importantly to protect the soil from erosive forces.

Purpose/aim: Grassed waterways are important conservation measures managing concentrated flow, especially in agricultural areas: runoff concentrates over grassed areas rather than on bare erodible soil (after tillage). They are intended to reduce runoff velocity and soil erosion by grass roots binding the soil. They also help to enhance infiltration, filtering runoff and contribute to sediment and nutrient deposition.

Establishment/maintenance: Grassed waterways are commonly used in areas where waterways are especially erosion-prone. They are normally sited downslope along natural depressions leading water away from agricultural fields. To control surface runoff, grassed waterways are often combined with inlets for surface water leading runoff to drainage pipes.

According to Regional Environmental Programme (RMP) in Norway, permanent grass cover in topographical depressions should be at least 6 m wide. Grass should be sown in the spring to ensure that it is well established in autumn. The choice of grass species depend on whether there is intention of (for example) using the grass for fodder. The grass can be fertilized or treated by herbicides, since they are located inside the production area. The grass can be harvested to maintain land area for food production and reduce nutrient leakage to the watercourse. Area can be tilled only when renewing the grass cover.

An alternative to grassed waterways is to leave the natural waterways covered in stubble over winter (i.e. unploughed). This measure reduces erosion but will not be as effective as grass cover and will not have the same effect on uptake of nutrients as grass cover waterways, as stubble is dead material.

Efficiency /Impact: The effect of (any) vegetation zones depend on several factors such as the flow properties and the characteristics of the vegetative surface. Significant flow properties are velocity (and hence the slope gradient) and water volume, the particle size and concentration of the sediment in the runoff, and duration and intensity of precipitation. For Norwegian conditions there is also the effect of frozen or unfrozen soil and intensity of snowmelt influence on runoff (surface runoff and infiltration).

Studies of Norwegian conditions indicate that the most relevant factor for function of the vegetation zone is the character of the vegetation (height, robustness, and density), rather than the type of vegetation (Blankenberg & Hougsrud 2010). As the efficiency of vegetation comprises a variety of factors, the implementation of the measures is to a large degree site-specific (Kværnø & Stolte 2012).

The effect of grassed waterways on soil loss has been documented in only a few studies. In Norway, only one study examined the effect of grassed waterways in a small agricultural catchment (26.8 daa or 2.68 ha) in Romerike (Akershus, Viken) and it showed 55% reduction of soil loss (average from 8 years) after implementation of grassed waterways.

Natural / human environment: The information about the technology is based on investigations and/or reports from different part of Norway.
For the purpose of OPTAIN project (https://www.optain.eu/), the technology is further presented in the natural and human environment context of the Kråkstad River catchment - a Norwegian Case Study catchment within OPTAIN project.

The Kråkstad River is mainly situated in Ski municipality in South-Eastern parts of Norway. The river catchment is a western tributary of the Vansjø-Hobøl watercourse, also known as the Morsa watercourse. The Kråkstad River catchment area is c.a 51 km², 43% of which is agricultural land, where mostly cereals are produced on heavy clays soils. The main environmental challenge in the area is water quality (incl. high phosphorus pollution) and soil erosion (incl. riverbank erosion and quick-clay landslides).The Morsa watercourse is a drinking water resource and there are specific environmental regulations for land management followed by subsidies through the Regional Environmental Programme (RMP).

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

挪威

区域/州/省:

Viken county

有关地点的进一步说明:

The Vansjø-Hobøl catchment

具体说明该技术的分布:
  • 均匀地分布在一个区域
如果不知道精确的区域,请注明大致覆盖的区域:
  • 0.1-1 平方千米
技术现场是否位于永久保护区?:

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份,请说明大概的日期:
  • 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:
  • 通过项目/外部干预
  • Regional Environmental Programme (RMP)
注释(项目类型等):

Grassed waterways are measures eligible for subsidies in the Regional Environmental Programme (RMP).

3. SLM技术的分类

3.1 该技术的主要目的

  • 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
  • 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
  • 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地::


农田

农田

  • 一年一作
年作 - 具体指明作物:
  • 谷类 - 其他
  • small grains
每年的生长季节数:
  • 1
森林/林地

森林/林地

  • natural forest
水道、水体、湿地

水道、水体、湿地

  • 排水管道、水道

3.3 由于技术的实施,土地使用是否发生了变化?

由于技术的实施,土地使用是否发生了变化?:
  • 否(继续问题3.4)

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:
  • 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

  • 改良的地面/植被覆盖
  • 横坡措施
  • 引水和排水

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

植物措施

植物措施

  • V2:草和多年生草本植物

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

土壤水蚀

土壤水蚀

  • Wt:表土流失/地表侵蚀
  • Wg:冲沟侵蚀/沟蚀
水质恶化

水质恶化

  • Hp:地表水水质下降

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:
  • 防止土地退化
  • 减少土地退化

4. 技术规范、实施活动、投入和成本

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

技术规范(与技术图纸相关):

Grassed waterways in topographic depressions in the field

作者:

Lillian Øygarden

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:
  • 每个技术单元
指定单位:

length of grassed waterways

指定单位面积(如相关):

meters

其它/国家货币(具体说明):

NOK

如相关,注明美元与当地货币的汇率(例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔):1美元=:

8.99

注明雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:

c.a. 3000 NOK (it is only the cost of the time assuming 8h work per day, 320-500 NOK/hour/ person. Machinery, equipment, materials not included)

4.3 技术建立活动

活动 时间(季度)
1. Plowing before sowing
2. Harrowing before sowing
3. Sowing grass in spring

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%,请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Grassed waterways are eligible for subsidies in Regional Environmental Programme (RMP)

注释:

The costs of establishment and management of grassed waterways are connected to sowing the area and reduced area for cereal production (in case of cereal production farm). The subsidies should be a compensation for such costs. Costs are extremely varied so no estimate is relevant here.

Within RMP for 2019-2022 the subsidy level for maintaining grassed waterways was at the level of 30 kr/m in Viken region.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

活动 时间/频率
1. Harvesting grass 2-3 times/yr
2. Plowing In case the re-establishment is needed
3. Harrowing In case the re-establishment is needed
4. Sowing grass In case the re-establishment is needed
注释:

Grassed waterways are supposed to exist for several years. The grass can be harvested each year (1- 3 times /year) but plowing, harvesting and sowing is only done when the waterway is established or re established.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入(每年)

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%,请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Grassed waterways is a measure eligible for subsidies in Regional Environmental Programme (RMP).

注释:

The costs of establishment and management of grassed waterways are connected to sowing the area and reduced area for cereal production (in case of cereal production farm). There is no general rule for harvesting. However, if farmers harvest the grass they can get the income. If the grass is not harvested then the production area is reduced. The subsidies should be a compensation for such costs.

Within RMP for 2019-2022 the subside level for maintaining grassed waterways was at the level of 30 kr/m in Viken region.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The costs of establishment and management of grassed waterways are connected to sowing the area and reduced area for cereal production (in case of cereal production farm). There is no general rule for harvesting. However, if farmers harvest the grass they can get the income. If the grass is not harvested then the production area is reduced. The subsidies should be a compensation for such costs.

The cost of the area management is dependent on:
- Location (priority areas)
- Type of grass
- Possibility to use the grass as a fodder

Grassed waterways are eligible for subsidies in Regional Environmental Programme (RMP).
Within RMP for 2019-2022 the subside level for maintaining grassed waterways was at the level of 30 kr/m in Viken region.

5. 自然和人文环境

5.1 气候

年降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
农业气候带
  • 半湿润
  • 半干旱

Thermal climate class: temperate
Thermal climate class: boreal

5.2 地形

平均坡度:
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形:
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
垂直分布带:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.

5.3 土壤

平均土层深度:
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土):
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
土壤质地(地表以下> 20厘米):
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
表土有机质:
  • 中(1-3%)
如有可能,附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息,例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility is medium-high
Soil drainage/infiltration is poor, artificial drainage is needed
Soil water storage capacity is very low-low

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

地下水位表:

< 5米

地表水的可用性:

水质(未处理):

仅供农业使用(灌溉)

水质请参考::

地下水和地表水

水的盐度有问题吗?:

该区域正在发生洪水吗?:

5.5 生物多样性

物种多样性:
栖息地多样性:

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

定栖或游牧:
  • 定栖的
生产系统的市场定位:
  • 混合(生计/商业)
  • 商业/市场
非农收入:
  • 收入的10-50%
  • > 收入的50%
相对财富水平:
  • 平均水平
  • 丰富
个人或集体:
  • 个人/家庭
机械化水平:
  • 机械化/电动
性别:
  • 女人
  • 男人
土地使用者的年龄:
  • 青年人
  • 中年人
说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Population density: < 10 persons/km2
Annual population growth: < 0.5%
10% of the land users are rich and own 10% of the land.
90% of the land users are average wealthy and own 90% of the land.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
这被认为是小规模、中规模还是大规模的(参照当地实际情况)?:
  • 中等规模的

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:
  • 个人,有命名
土地使用权:
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 个人
用水权:
  • 自由进入(无组织)

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

健康:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
教育:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
技术援助:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
就业(例如非农):
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
市场:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
能源:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
道路和交通:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
饮用水和卫生设施:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
金融服务:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的

6. 影响和结论性说明

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

作物生产

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

Land removed from crop production. If harvested as fodder - then contribute positive to income.

收入和成本

农业收入

降低
增加

生态影响

水循环/径流

水量

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

Enhanced infiltration

水质

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

Ideally less sediment (and phosphorus) is transported to the surface waters (rivers, lakes), and consequently water quality is increased.

地表径流

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

Due to enhanced infiltration in the grassed areas and reduction of surface runoff velocity

多余水的排放

减少
改良
注释/具体说明:

When combined with inlet to the drainage system

土壤

土壤覆盖层

减少
改良

土壤流失

增加
降低
生物多样性:植被、动物

植被覆盖

降低
增加
减少气候和灾害风险

滑坡/泥石流

增加
降低

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

地下水/河流污染

增加
减少

缓冲/过滤能力

减少
改良

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性(土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害)

渐变气候

渐变气候
季节 增加或减少 该技术是如何应对的?
年温度 增加
年降雨量 增加

气候有关的极端情况(灾害)

气象灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
局地暴雨
水文灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
比较和缓的(河道)洪水

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

中性/平衡

长期回报:

中性/平衡

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

中性/平衡

长期回报:

中性/平衡

6.5 技术采用

  • 11-50%
在所有采用这项技术的人当中,有多少人是自发的,即未获得任何物质奖励/付款?:
  • 0-10%
注释:

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件?:

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Less soil loss
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Reduced erosion
Improved water quality

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
Land must be removed from crop production.
Some maintenance is needed periodically so that erosion does not occur along the edges.
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
No enough research about efficiency of Technology More research

7. 参考和链接

7.1 信息的方法/来源

  • 根据报告和其他现有文档进行编译

see references

(现场)数据是什么时候汇编的?:

11/02/2022

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Kværnø S., Øygarden L., Bechmann M., Barneveld R. 2020. Tiltak mot erosjon på jordbruksareal. NIBIO POP 6(38)2020

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

NIBIO website

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Blankenberg, A-G.B. and Skarbøvik E. 2019. Vegetasjon som miljøtiltak i jordbruket: Varianter, tilskudd og lovverk.NIBIO POP 5(10) 2019

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

NIBIO website

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Øygarden L. 2003. Rill and gully development during an extreme winter runoff event in Norway. CATENA 50

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

CATENA

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Kværnø S., Øygarden L., Bechmann M., Barneveld R. 2020. Tiltak mot erosjon på jordbruksareal. NIBIO POP 6(38)2020

URL:

https://nibio.brage.unit.no/nibio-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/2723843/NIBIO_POP_2020_6_38.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y

标题/说明:

Blankenberg, A-G.B. and Skarbøvik E. 2019. Vegetasjon som miljøtiltak i jordbruket: Varianter, tilskudd og lovverk.NIBIO POP 5(10) 2019

URL:

https://nibio.brage.unit.no/nibio-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/2590439/NIBIO_POP_2019_5_10.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

7.4 一般注释

no remarks

模块