1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Book project: where people and their land are safer - A Compendium of Good Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) (where people and their land are safer)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Swiss Red Cross (Swiss Red Cross) - 瑞士

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

The technology presented has no direct bearing on land degradation.

1.5 参考关于SLM方法（使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法）的调查问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Emergency infrastructure including shelter and linked transport infrastructure, consists in establishing specific flood shelters (for people and animals) including flood-proof collective water sources and communication infrastructure as well as health and school facilities that may serve at the same time as emergency shelters during floods.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The technology applies to the specific context of the ‘Char’ land in Bangladesh, characterised as riverine sandy Islands along the Jamuna River. More than 80% of the land in the intervention area can be classified as 'Char' and is inhabited by 60% of the population served by the project. Every year, especially during floods, the rivers deposit huge amount of silt sediment that makes the land fertile. At the same time, river action washes away some portion of the 'Char' which at times can be quite large and has a strong impact on people's lives and livelihoods. Before the intervention, people living on 'Char' land depended on their traditional early warning mechanisms and were frequently surprised by floods that destroyed their crops and put their lives in danger. Due to recurring floods, people didn’t have the means to improve their built environment. The 'Char' land is furthermore characterised by its lack of public infrastructure and remoteness to public services.

The technology consists of setting up an emergency infrastructure and ensuring community access to these infrastructures during times of floods. It has to be understood in close interrelation with the approach of setting up an early warning system. The emergency infrastructure includes specific flood shelters (for people and animals), flood-proof collective water sources and sanitation systems, transport infrastructure such as foot bridges and elevated rural roads, as well as flood-proof health and school facilities that also serve as emergency shelters during floods. The flood shelters are built on a raised bed of soil and located at sites selected by the communities that are relatively better protected from flood and river erosion within the 'Chars'. The purpose of the technology is to ensure safety of life and protection of assets during times of emergency and also to mitigate sufferings related to floods. The flood shelter is an elevated plane land which is on an average 220 square feet by size and at least five feet high from the existing ground level. The site is selected by the community and should be connected through an elevated road to the nearest community. This arrangement helps people to get easy access during times of floods. The shelter has collective hygienic latrine facilities and safe water sources. People generally dismantle their housing while evacuating and reinstall it on the flood shelter.
The major activities include facilitating the development of community-led risk reduction action plans and their implementation through community participation and engagement of local governance institutions. This includes maintenance of the built infrastructure as the joint responsibility of the community and the local government. Land use, especially sowing and harvesting, is increasingly linked to flood related forecasting measures which has led to significant adaptation in the timing of farming activities. This coupled with the creation and access to emergency infrastructure allows for a relatively safe and healthy living. The adopted technology and approach has led to adapted livelihoods, reduced health costs and increased income. The technology has furthermore led to mainstreaming disaster risk management in policies and approach of local government institutions. Increasingly the local government’s cash and food for work programmes are targeting establishment and/or reinforcement of emergency infrastructure that can cater to larger population. Increased investments are made especially towards flood shelters and improving communication and access to emergency infrastructure. Since the technology is based on local knowledge and has been developed in consultation with the involved communities, it is generally well accepted with a fair degree of ownership and involvement. However, parts of the region are also prone to river erosion and this has a destructive impact on built infrastructures. The technology does not assure any safeguard against this form of uncertain river action.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2014

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 作为传统系统的一部分（> 50 年）
• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

The technology has elements of traditional practice (raised plinths for flood protection) and project promoted interventions (emergency shelter and access infrastructure).

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 降低灾害风险
• 创造有益的经济影响
• 创造有益的社会影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Despite the lack of public infrastructure and services and being exposed to natural hazards people tend to prefer to live in the 'Char' as it brings significant economic benefits for them: crops grow rapidly and abundantly with significantly lower input costs than on the mainland.
Cow, buffalo, goat, lamb and donkey are very common in the area. People rear these for cultivation, transportation and for having meat. Every household have at least a pair or more of livestock.

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

注释:

Water supply for the land comprises a mix of rainfed, irrigated and post flooding sources.

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• Emergency infrastructure, shelter and linked transportation infrastructure

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

In addition to the structural and management measures described above, the technology involves additional elements such as flood-proof collective water supply and sanitation systems and communication infrastructure.

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

N/A

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 适应土地退化

注释:

NA

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术单元

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Bangladeshi Taka (BDT)

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

79.0

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Construction of Flood Shelter	During dry season
2.	Raising school compound	During dry season
3.	Construction of Community Resource Center (CRC)	During dry season
4.	Installation of disaster resilient tube well	During dry season
5.	Construction of concrete platform for (existing) tube well	During dry season
6.	Construction of wooden bridge	During dry season
7.	Road construction above flood level	During dry season

注释:

All activities are structural in nature and can be undertaken efficiently only in dry season.

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Flood shelter: earth work	m3	8000.0	64.0	512000.0	10.0
劳动力	CRC: earth work	m3	53.0	138.0	7314.0	10.0
劳动力	CRC: sand filling	m3	302.0	99.0	29898.0	10.0
劳动力	Raised school compound: earth work	m3	1790.0	64.0	114560.0	10.0
植物材料	Flood shelter: grass plantation (turfing)	m2	4620.0	13.0	60060.0	10.0
植物材料	Flood shelter: seedlings	piece	20.0	53.0	1060.0	10.0
植物材料	CRC: grass plantation (turfing)	m2	3890.0	13.0	50570.0	10.0
植物材料	CRC: seedlings	piece	50.0	53.0	2650.0	10.0
植物材料	Raised school compound: grass plantation (turfing)	m2	1390.0	13.0	18070.0	10.0
植物材料	Raised school compound: seedlings	piece	40.0	53.0	2120.0	10.0
施工材料	CRC: roof truss	kg	4375.0	100.0	437500.0
施工材料	CRC: grill and iron work	m2	88.0	2091.0	184008.0
施工材料	CRC: gypsum board	m2	478.0	922.0	440716.0
施工材料	CRC: RCC work	m3	2.9	19557.0	56715.3
施工材料	CRC: deformed bar	kg	397.0	85.0	33745.0
施工材料	CRC: boundary fencing	m2	184.0	440.0	80960.0
施工材料	CRC: brick work	m3	44.0	5515.0	242660.0
其它	CRC: electric ware and solar panel	lumpsum	1.0	73000.0	73000.0
其它	CRC: water supply	lumpusm	1.0	66150.0	66150.0
其它	CRC: transportation	lumpsum	1.0	89000.0	89000.0
技术建立所需总成本					2502756.3
技术建立总成本，美元					31680.46

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

10% of all construction cost (except community resource center) is borne by the user. Another 15% is provided by the local government bodies. The remaining 75% is subsidised by the project.

注释:

Defining costs of establishment is bit tricky as the measures differ in size and number, costs vary from one village to another depending on the geographical location. However, average costs of the measures further to those highligted in the table are given below:
Disaster resilient tube well: labour (mason) 3'000, equipment (drilling charge) 1800, construction material (bricks, cement, sand, iron rod, PVC pipe, cylinder, GI pipe, tubewell head) 23'250, transportation 2'650, total unit costs (BDT) 30'700
Concrete platform for (existing) tube well : labour (mason) 600, construction material (bricks, cement, sand) 2'450, other (Transportation, waste water disposal) 1650, total unit costs (BDT) 4'700
Wooden bridge: labour (mason, mason assitant, painting assistant, earthwork) 30'000, plant material (grass plantation) 12'500, equipment (painting brush etc.) 1'000, construction material (timber, nails, tar, tarpin oil, paint) 260'000, Transportation 30'000, total unit costs (BDT) 333'500
Road construction/repair: labour (earthwork) 102'500, plant material (grass plantation/turfing), 12'500, total unit costs (BDT) 115'000

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Construction of Flood Shelter	During dry season
2.	Raising school compound	During dry season
3.	Construction of Community Resource Center (CRC)	During dry season
4.	Installation of disaster resilient tube well	During dry season
5.	Construction of concrete platform ror (existing) tube well	During dry season
6.	Construction of wooden bridge	During dry season
7.	Road construction above flood level	During dry season

注释:

Due to the softness of the sandy soil and the annual inundation, every measure requires considerable maintenance. The flooding generally washes out sands and decays the foundation of the structure. If maintenance is done in regular intervals, the entire structure remains functional. Also, grass needs to be frequently replanted as it dries up during the dry season.
The users and the local government (Union Disaster Management Committee) are mainly responsible for maintenance of all built assets and structures including the Community Resource Center. The relevant operation/repair and maintenance training has been provided by the project.. Maintenance manuals and guidelines have been developed and disseminated. Also, repair and maintenance equipment has been provided to cadre of users/caretakers trained in repair/maintenance work.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Earthwork	m3	80.0	63.0	5040.0	10.0
劳动力	Sand bag filling	piece	50.0	15.0	750.0	10.0
劳动力	Pipe fitting	piece	2.0	300.0	600.0	10.0
劳动力	Mason	lumpsum	1.0	500.0	500.0	10.0
植物材料	Grass plantation (turfing)	m2	85.0	13.0	1105.0	10.0
植物材料	Seedlings	piece	15.0	53.0	795.0	10.0
施工材料	Plastic bag	piece	50.0	10.0	500.0	10.0
施工材料	PVC pipe	m	15.0	120.0	1800.0	10.0
施工材料	Polythene pipe	kg	5.0	160.0	800.0	10.0
施工材料	Ciment	bag	0.5	540.0	270.0	10.0
施工材料	Sand	ft3	5.0	18.0	90.0	10.0
施工材料	Caping socket	piece	2.0	35.0	70.0	10.0
施工材料	Tape etc.	lumpsum	1.0	250.0	250.0	10.0
技术维护所需总成本					12570.0
技术维护总成本，美元					159.11

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Maintenance costs are to date (2017) distributed as construction (10% by the users, 15% by the local government). A cost transfer scheme to the users and local government for maintenance is developped to be applied in the follow-up phase.

注释:

Again, defining costs of maintenance is also not easy as the measures differ in size and number. Average costs of the measures, further to those for flood shelter including disaster resilient tube well as highligted in the table, are given below:
Raised school compound: labour (earth work and sand bag filling) 7'800, plant material (grass plantation) 1'000, construction material (plastic bag, rope) 500, total unit maintenance costs (BDT) 9'300
Community resource Center (CRC): labour 1'200, plant material (grass plantation, seedlings) 10'500, Transportation 1'000, total unit maintenance costs (BDT) 12'700
Concrete platform for (existing) tube well : labour (mason) 500, construction material (bricks, cement, sand) 600, total unit maintenance costs (BDT) 1'100
Wooden bridge: labour (earthwork) 2'500, plant material (grass plantation) 3'000, construction material (plastic bag, rope) 2'000, total unit maintenance costs (BDT) 7'500
Road construction/repair: labour (earthwork) 10'000, plant material (grass plantation/turfing), 1'500, construction material (plastic bag, rope) 500, total unit maintenance costs (BDT) 12'000

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Transportation of raw material from the mainland to the sites on the 'Char' Islands varies across seasons. In the dry season it is much higher compared to monsoon as the delivery of material is easier in the latter due to extended river outreach.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Information on altitudinal zone collected from the website: www.getamap.net

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

N/A

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

是

规律性:

频繁

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

In the dry season water crisis occurs. Open defecation and use of pesticide in farming are key pollutants of water sources.

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Biodiversity can be rated as moderate or medium both in terms of species and habitat. It is stable and and often self generating.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

N/A

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州
• 个人，未命名

土地使用权:

• 自由进入（无组织）
• 租赁

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

注释:

Land ownership is quite complex as Chars by nature are unstable habitats. In principle land is owned by state but in most cases the politician - musclemen nexus exercises real control. This results in leasing and renting of land which is the predominant form of land ownership in Chars.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

N/A

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	适度
当地沙尘暴/尘暴	好
局地风暴	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
热浪	好
寒潮	好
干旱	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	好
滑坡	不好

注释:

In some cases the appropriate answer would have been "not applicable" but since this is not there, we have selected "well".

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

The limited returns that have been generated by the project is highly valued by the users from a cost - benefit perspective; especially when they understand that the project is not directly linked to land management practices. Thus, the indirect benefits are perceived to have high value.

6.5 技术采用

• > 50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

Out of a total of 8828 HHs targeted by the project, around five thousand HHs in three union have benefitted from the implementation of the technology.

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

若是，说明它适应了哪些变化的条件:

• 劳动力可用性（例如，由于迁移）

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

Dredging machine has been used for building some emergency infrastructure at few sites due to unavailability of labour at the time of construction.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Emergency structures are collectively owned and have a multipurpose use; in 'normal' (non-emergency) times they are used for other purpose than safety and protection which includes community meeting, workshop and training
Expanded opportunities of communication during flood

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Community is aware and driven to implement flood preparedness and risk reduction measures on its own
Appropriate measures can significantly change people's mindset and behaviour

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
River erosion threatens built structures	Careful site selection for construction work through in depth discussion with community people supported by scientific analysis
High investment needed for building physical structures (e.g. CRC building) in the char which the local government and community find difficult to finance without external support.	Install portable semi-permanent structures in the char; Lobby for greater decentralisation of finances to local government

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Latrine and Tube well maintenance manual, SRC-BDRCS-DASCOH

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

SRC