1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Strengthening national-level institutional and professional capacities of country Parties towards enhanced UNCCD monitoring and reporting – GEF 7 EA Umbrella II (GEF 7 UNCCD Enabling Activities_Umbrella II)

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

This technology does not pose any land degradation problems

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Vermicomposting is the practice of composting organic waste products with the aid of various types of worms. These worms aid the decomposition of organic materials, including kitchen leftovers and yard trash, resulting in the production of compost that is abundant in nutrients.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Vermicomposting is where organic wastes are broken down by redworms (Eisenia fetida or Lumbricus rubellus) and other types of earthworms. The worms produce nutrient-rich castings, which are valuable natural fertilizers for plants and enhance soil health. Vermicomposting is an effective and environmentally acceptable approach to recycle organic waste and produces a valuable resource for farming and gardening (Grant, 2021).
The raw substrate is initially ground in the gizzard to create smaller particles, increasing the surface area during the vermicomposting process. Earthworm gut microorganisms and digestive enzymes continue to work on the material to create a fine granular product that is rich in healthy nutrients and microbiota (Sharma & Garg, 2017). Vermicomposting is popular in urban gardening and horticulture, where space and resource constraints are common.
It is a sustainable and effective method for managing organic waste because it combines a number of essential traits and components. Firstly, it involves the usage of particular types of earthworms, such Eisenia fetida (red wigglers), which are renowned for their capacity to ingest enormous quantities of organic material. Maintaining optimum moisture levels, typically between 60 and 80 percent, is necessary for efficient vermicomposting. Another crucial component is aeration, which encourages aerobic decomposition and reduces odour. Vermicompost bins or beds are made with sufficient drainage and ventilation systems to do this. The ideal temperature range is between 15 o to 30 o C (Adhikary, 2012). Vermicomposting's goals and functions include waste reduction, improved soil fertility, soil restoration, sustainable agriculture, and easily accessible waste management.
Vermiculture encourages eco-friendly gardening and supports sustainable agriculture methods by limiting the use of chemical fertilizers. The initial expense and time needed to set up a vermicomposting system are two significant drawbacks. Another difficulty is the requirement for constant monitoring and upkeep, including controlling moisture levels, ensuring adequate aeration, and controlling temperature conditions. Poor environmental care can result in bad smells or even the death of earthworms.

Samtse's first and only vermicomposting facility in Norbugang gewog is performing successfully. The project, which began on a couple's farm near Bhimtar in December 2013, employs earthworms to convert organic waste into high-quality compost. It is the end result of the decomposition of organic elements by earthworms. The dzongkhag's assistant agricultural officer (ADAO) spearheaded the idea of establishing the compost plant, with assistance from the national organic program. The main substrate used for vermicomposting is cow dung and banana stems. The mixture is spread out as a bed inside the compost house for the earthworms to feed. The worms break down the mixture to produce vermicompost.
Initially, a kilogram of red earthworms (Eisenia foetida) were cultivated in a nursery. In a month, the nursery produced 10 kg, which was then employed in the project. According to Dibya Gurung, the worms needed 28 days to feed on the organic wastes in the existing compost house environment. Bhutanese farmers utilize vermicompost as a nutrient-rich organic fertilizer to enhance soil fertility and improve crop yields. This promote sustainable agriculture practices and reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers, aligning with Bhutan's goal of achieving food self-sufficiency.
There are currently 12 organic fertilizer producers in the Bhutan producing various types of compost, including vermi-compost, liquid fertilizer, bio-slurry compost, chicken manure, and EM solution. However, there is no record of a dedicated vermiculture enterprise in the nation, even though worms are required to make compost organic fertilizer, according to the National Soil Services Centre (NSSC), Department of Agriculture (DoA). For instance, the country generated 8130MT of organic fertilizers, according to the NSSC's annual report for 2021–2022 (Dorji, 2022).

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

National Organic Flagship Program

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 保护生态系统
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Only floriculture is done

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

注释:

floriculture is done

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 充分灌溉

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 土壤肥力综合管理
• 废物管理/废水管理
• 家庭花园

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

na

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术单元

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Ngultrum

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

250.0

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Site selection	winter
2.	Collection of raw materials	winter
3.	construction of vermicomposting shed	winter
4.	construction of bricks lined beds for rearing earth worms	winter
5.	Construction of FYM shed	winter

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	labor	per head	7.0	250.0	1750.0	50.0
植物材料	Cow dung	Kg	5000.0	2.0	10000.0
施工材料	cement	bag	145.0	290.0	42050.0
施工材料	Bricks	piece	4000.0	7.0	28000.0
施工材料	Bamboo mat	roll	10.0	3500.0	35000.0
施工材料	Green net	roll	6.0	2200.0	13200.0
施工材料	Sand	truck	1.0	3500.0	3500.0
施工材料	stone	truck	2.0	3500.0	7000.0
施工材料	CGI sheet	piece	25.0	1190.0	29750.0
技术建立所需总成本					170250.0
技术建立总成本，美元					681.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

National Organic Program

注释:

For the establishment of this technology National organic program (NOP) funded 50% (Nu 80,000) of the cost and 50% of the cost was invested by the owner

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	construction of production house	winter
2.	Replacement of green net	winter

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	labor	per head	4.0	500.0	2000.0
施工材料	cement	bags	8.0	290.0	2320.0
施工材料	sand	bolero	1.0	3000.0	3000.0
施工材料	pebbles	bolero	1.0	3200.0	3200.0
施工材料	Green net	roll	6.0	2200.0	13200.0
技术维护所需总成本					23720.0
技术维护总成本，美元					94.88

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

NOP

注释:

The maintenance activity was fully funded by NOP

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Financial and availability of earthworms

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

MC (%): 92.81
OM (%): 27.93
OC (%):16.24
pH (H20):6.50
EC (µs/cm):259.33
N (%):0.81
P (ppm):2.97
K (mg/100ml):122.07

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

否

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

对现场影响的评估（测量）进行具体说明:

They are able to produce rich nutrient soil and from that they can do other business like floriculture.

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

The vermicomposting can be challenging if there is no market and demand for the products.

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	不好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

Initial set-up cost is expensive and would be challenging if there is no external support.

6.5 技术采用

• 单例/实验

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

1

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

Only one private vermicomposting site in Samtse

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

若是，说明它适应了哪些变化的条件:

• 劳动力可用性（例如，由于迁移）

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

They have increased the farm size to larger scale from small scale after they got financial support from the Nation Organic Program.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Soil fertility is enhanced and reduce in use of harmful chemicals
Farm income generation
Can do other business like floriculture

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Ecofriendliness
Well recognized by other institutions

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
High installment cost	External supports
Maintenance requirements	Proper management

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Long process and challenging to harvest	Systematic process and skilled labor
Intensive care	Proper sanitation

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

NSSC Bhutan catalogue of soil and water conservation approaches and technologies, 2012

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Website

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Organic fertilizer production manual

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.15894.83521

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Vermicompost, the story of organic gold, explaining main features of vermicomposting

URL:

https://doi.org/10.4236/as.2012.37110

标题/说明:

Vermicomposting, Benefits and drawbacks of vermicomposting

URL:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.02.072

标题/说明:

Earthworm Vermicompost , Common Vermicomposting Problems.

URL:

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/composting/vermicomposting/problems-with-vermicomposting.htm

标题/说明:

Vermicomposting, Main activities involved vermicomposting

URL:

https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/80406

标题/说明:

Vermicomposting , Purpose of vermicomposting

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/vermicomposting

标题/说明:

Vermicomposting, what is vermicomposting

URL:

https://composting.ces.ncsu.edu/vermicomposting-2/

7.4 一般注释

N/A