1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre del proyecto que financió la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Book project: Guidelines to Rangeland Management in Sub-Saharan Africa (Rangeland Management)

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

1.4 Declaración de la sostenibilidad de la Tecnología descrita

¿La Tecnología aquí descrita resulta problemática en relación a la degradación de la tierra, de tal forma que no puede considerársela una tecnología sostenible para el manejo de la tierra?

No

Comentarios:

The technology has demonstrated SLM.

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

The Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM) is about people and their relationships with land. The tool as applied secures tenure through the recognition of tenure diversity and social contexts. In the management of land and resources use, STDM facilitates proper land use and management to minimize practices that lead to degradation.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

Technology application: The Social Tenure Domain Model is applied in order to relate natural and human environments. It is a social tool that defines the relationship of persons to natural resources such as land, their utilization of it, and sharing - for sustainable development. To realize optimal resource utilization, the tool enables the direct engagement of the resource users in a collective and participatory way. The technology allows communities to be part of a guided data collection and data entry into an STDM platform. The data includes social and economic data based on what is needed. The platform also can enable storage of information and documents such as title deeds. Names, gender, properties where the community members needs to have such information. These details can be updated and can inform planning and resource allocation by government and development partners. Main characteristics of the technology: STDM is a relational database built on an open source GIS platform called Quontum GIS (QGIS), running on Postgres SQL. This tool was built by Global Tools Land Network (GLTN). The tool captures both spatial information related to locations of land parcels, natural resources captured in points and defined in maps. Secondly, the technology captures socio-economic aspects of a resource, and allows definition of the type of relationship that exists between the resource and the person, as well as an indication of the percentage particular tenure regime in the areas including the existing rights and how they play out. The system recognizes the different level of rights thus appreciating that they are multiple and overlaid resulting to multiple uses. Therefore the technology enables the capture of bundles of rights that people have/should enjoy in a resource. The technology allows generation of reports and performs the desired analysis by the proponents and the beneficiaries of the information stored within the databases. It is open source, thus available free -hence its sustainability.The purposes/ functions of the STDM: The functions of the technology as have been piloted by RECONCILE and partners has focused around land tenure. It addresses security of tenure for vulnerable poor communities living within informal settlements, through participatory common resource identification, mapping and documentation, key resources including cattle dips, salt lick areas/fields and water points management has improved. This is due to the recognition of boundaries anticipatorily defined leading to revival of and establishment of community resources management committees especially around water and grazing lands. This in return has improved /increased production of both plants and animals. However, the technology can be customized to serve other purposes of information storage and management. The major activities/ inputs needed to establish/ maintain the technology: Major inputs are needed in empowerment of local communities through building their capacity to apply the technology through their own initiative. Building community-based resource centres and equipping them with computers installed with the software ensures that the technology is centred on the day-to-day activities of the communities and institutions. Benefits/ impacts: The technology has left better organised communities in terms of managing land and other resources. The technology has assisted local governments to manage issues of land ownership, especially within the context of customary land tenure and ownership. The county governments of Kenya, for instance, have spatial data and information that can help in planning and resources allocation. In areas where the technology has been used in the context of RECONCILE's work, better services and resources can be acquired given accurate information of Mapping land tenure, boundaries, water points and the water rights, infrastructure, different grazing lands and plans for the utilization of the grazing land and the rights of different users. It can result in improved and sustainable use of natural resources which in turn have a direct impact on production. Small-scale dairy farmers have been able to manage grazing lands, water and salt licks to improve production of animal products. Information captured and managed by the technology has enabled communities within informal settlements to negotiate with government authorities to enable land allocation and thus security of tenure and improved livelihoods.What do land users like / dislike about the technology?Likes: The technology is flexible, it can be customized to capture information in any form desired. It is based on a GIS platform which is easy to manipulate and is open source.Dislikes: Users sometimes encounter errors that are a result of incorrect information entered, and these errors are written with the programming format: thus it requires good knowledge of the technology to remedy this.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Indique año de implementación:

2016

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• mejorar la producción
• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo
• conservar el ecosistema
• proteger una cuenca hidrográfica/ áreas corriente abajo – en combinación con otras Tecnologías

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Mezcla de tipos de uso de tierras dentro de la misma unidad de tierras: :

Sí

Especifique el uso combinado de tierras (cultivos/ pastoreo/ árboles):

• Agropastoralismo (incluyendo cultivo-ganado integrados)

Comentarios:

Main animal species and products: The cattle kept in Ndaraweta are mainly cross-breeds between local animals and Friesian or Ayrshire cattle. The communities are currently in an advance stage of upgrading, but they still keep some short-horned local zebu cows as well. The cattle are kept for multiple uses including milk, meat, and hides. The communities grow hay for local use and sale within.

The technology did therefore help the communities to appreciate the common resources that support the livestock keeping.

3.3 ¿Cambió el uso de tierras debido a la implementación de la Tecnología?

Comentarios:

Before the mapping exercise, the management of most common resources were not given much attention. After participatory mapping and documenting these resources and the establishment of information on encroachment, degradation and the neglected water points, communities took up the management of the resources more seriously and therefore improved knowledge and clarity around the land tenure rights for the communities and the need for tenure security and protection of rangelands and the resources therein.

3.4 Provisión de agua

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• de secano

3.5 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• manejo de bosques naturales y seminaturales:
• pastoralismo y manejo de tierras de pastoreo
• manejo de agricultura—ganadería integrada

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Land degradation in rangelands is a problem that is being experienced and other challenges especially in the areas where agro-pastoralism is practiced include sustainable land use and management. The mapping process while not having direct response to these issues, it demonstrated that the communities can use sustainable means in land use through land use planning.

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• reducir la degradación del suelo
• adaptarse a la degradación del suelo

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

Especifique cómo se calcularon los costos e insumos:

• por área de Tecnología

Especifique la moneda usada para calcular costos:

• USD

Si fuera relevante, indique la tasa de cambio de dólares americanos a la moneda local (ej. 1 U$ = 79.9 Reales Brasileros): 1 U$ =:

101,0

4.3 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Momento (estación)
1.	Enumeration of at least 1000 farmers	9 months
2.	Mapping of communal resources water points, salt lick areas, cattle dips etc	9 months
3.	Mapping of private resources water points within the private areas	9 months
4.	Data Management	3 months
5.	Preparation of data collection including testing of the tools	1 month
6.	Dialogue sessions with community leaders	2 months
7.	Negotiations on the methodology for data collection and the kind of information to be collected/asked	1 month
8.	Technical reviews and reflection with project team and partners	1 month

Comentarios:

The kind of tasks undertaken in this process is more project oriented combined with advocacy and policy processes.

4.4 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Enumerators	persons	90,0	50,0	4500,0
Mano de obra	Consultants	Persons	6,0	1000,0	6000,0
Mano de obra	Technical Staff contribution and time	persons	5,0	750,0	3750,0
Mano de obra	Data processing and management	persons	24,0	60,0	1440,0
Equipo	Data entry and analysis	persons	20,0	40,0	800,0
Equipo	GPS hiring		120,0	55,0	6600,0
Equipo	GPS purchase		5,0	320,0	1600,0
Equipo	Computers		4,0	750,0	3000,0
Equipo	Conferences		9,0	1500,0	13500,0
Otros	Administrative costs	9 months	9,0	1400,0	12600,0
Otros	Logistical support		36,0	600,0	21600,0
Otros	Preliminary activities including targeted dialogue etc	Travels and associated costs	5,0	300,0	1500,0
Otros	Documentation of the project (to be finalized)	Video documentary	2,0	3000,0	6000,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					82890,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología en USD					820,69

Si el usuario de la tierra no cubrió el 100% de los costos, indique quién financió el resto del costo:

UNHABITAT, RECONCILE, Smallholder Dairy Commercialization Programme (SDCP)

Comentarios:

The project was supported by the UNHABITAT with contributions from RECONCILE and partners. the community contribution in kind is not included since it has not been tabulated in terms of cash.

4.5 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Momento/ frequencia
1.	NA
2.	NA
3.	NA

Comentarios:

The project did not have physical structures developed. However, as a result of the work structures like cattle dips have been rehabilitated and are currently being maintained by the the communities themselves. This does not need recurrent costs for maintenance or otherwise by the project.

4.7 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

The technology costs are dependent on the size and number of resources targeted by the process. It will therefore define the costs accordingly.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

Indique si la Tecnología se aplica específicamente en:

• no relevante

5.3 Suelos

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

5.5 Biodiversidad

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra usada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• comunitaria/ aldea
• individual, con título

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• comunitarios (organizado)
• individual

Derechos de uso de agua:

• acceso abierto (no organizado)
• comunitarios (organizado)

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Ingreso y costos

Impactos ecológicos

Reducción de riesgos de desastres y riesgos climáticos

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	Incremento o reducción	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
lluvia anual		disminuyó	moderadamente

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
periodo reducido de crecimiento	moderadamente

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• > 50%

Si tiene la información disponible, cuantifique (número de hogares y/o área cubierta):

The technology covered around 500 individual farmers.

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, por ej. sin recibir nada de incentivos/ materiales:

• 11-50%

Comentarios:

The technology application did not attract any material gains or incentives but, the process was community centered thus the adoption.

6.6 Adaptación

¿La tecnología fue modificada recientemente para adaptarse a las condiciones cambiantes?

Sí

Especifique la adaptación de la Tecnología (diseño, material/ especies, etc.):

The technology was more of the urban oriented tool but had to be modified to adopt to the local demands.

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
Ability to define spatial space and common and private resources including those resources associated with milk production such as milk coolers, water points, cattle dips, food stores, grazing areas, salt licks, crushes, animal corridors, forest etc.Establishes the carrying capacity of communal shared resources.
Establishment of the land tenure system of shared communal resources and issues arising.Status (management) of private resources within the rangelands.Production and income generated against household size.

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
The nature of the problem required innovative use in the mapping of the land and natural resources.The technology addressed immediate needs and provided a foundation for future updates and demands.The technology benefited from the existing data and improved delivery of output without any impediments.
The technology bridged the gap through skills transfer and capacity building and in facilitating dialogue on issues affecting the community (Maps, reports). Ability to adapt the technology in a simple manner that the users can relate to, and find value in their use contributed immensely to successIntroduced even a more user-friendly use of mobile and smart-phones. The “quick win” could be seen in the transformation of mobile phones into data collection tools and the data can be seen, verified and shared, replacing the tedious manual process which many were struggling with.
STDM databases accommodate the inclusion of social, economic and spatial data that can be maintained, accessed and updated by the communities anytime.Provided visual representation of available resources and their distribution and people can relate to spatial information on the map.
Ownership of technology by local people who are now leading on data collection, customizing the template, developing reports and innovating on its use.

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
The design of the tool was more urban oriented and it took time to be adapted for rural use especially where land is communal and customary rights are key.	Created more awareness.

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Difficult to set-up the server environment where no internet is available.Engaging other service providers may be difficult and takes time (Internet service provider need to authorize setting up additional server).Appropriate devices for capturing data may require an additional budget.	The internet component remains a challenge Technology is evolving and needs systematic information channels between the community members.The process requires proper funding in order not to have a break in between.

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información

7.3 Vínculos a la información relevante disponible en línea

Título/ descripción:

RECONCILE end of project report and other progress reports are available for sharing

Título/ descripción:

Food security in Bomet county

URL:

awsc.uonbi.ac.ke/sites/default/files/chss/arts/.../Bomet-final.doc